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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the ways of intercellular communication

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. neurotransmitter
  3. paracrines
  4. hormones
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2
Q

what are gap junctions

A

they join smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, epithelial and other cells to each other

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3
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

they are released by neutrons, diffuse across a narrow synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the surface of the next cell

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4
Q

what are paracrines

A

they are local hormones that are secreted by one cell, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology

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5
Q

what are hormones

A

they are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responds in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away

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6
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

glands, tissue and cells that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system

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7
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system

A

inter cellular communication, homeostasis, structural changes in the body

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8
Q

what are the endocrine organs

A
  • maser organs in the brain; hypothalamus ,pituitary gland, and pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovaries and testes
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9
Q

endocrine system

A
  • communicates by means of hormones
  • release hormones into bloodstream for general distribution throughout body
  • sometimes has widespread effect
  • reacts slowly to stimuli
  • may continue to respond long after stimulus stops
  • adapts relatively slowly
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10
Q

what are the interaction between nervous and endocrine system

A

noradrenaline and glucagon cause the liver to breakdown glycogen

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11
Q

what hormones are secreted by neuroendocrine cells

A

noradrenaline and oxytocin

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12
Q

location of endocrine organs

A 
pituitary gland is anterior and pineal gland is posterior
thyroid gland is anterior to trachea
thymus sits next to sternum
adrenal gland is superior to kidneys
pancreas is between kidneys
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13
Q

what do kidneys produce

A

eto and this causes production of rbc

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14
Q

what works antagonistically with the endocrine system

A

nervous system

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15
Q

where is the hypothalamus

A

its an area in the brain and it sits in walls of their ventricle

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16
Q

what circulated the CNS

A

serous fluid (cerebrospinal fluid). chamber in brain has large amounts of CFS

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17
Q

Where are cells of hypothalamus found

A

in walls of ventricle

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18
Q

what are the cells of the hypothalamus

A

they car neurons and they are the cells of the cells of the nervous system and are responsive to input from other neurons and become electrically active and they release chemicals from her distal parts

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19
Q

where is the supraoptic nuclei

A

on top of the optic. coming out of the back fo they eyeball is second cranial nerve and what happens is the left and right meet and crossover and this called the optic chasm. neurons sit right on top.

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20
Q

what are the common things between paraventricular nerve and supraoptic nucleus

A

neurons have long axons that go down and go straight into the pituitary gland. Pit gland is suspended of the ventricle. axons from the gland to the posterior past of the pituitary and this is called the neurohypophysis

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21
Q

neurons from hypothalamus

Study These Flashcards
A

they make chemical messengers and is sent along axons, which then go through vesicles (distal part of axons) and get released to posterior pituitary

22
Q

what does the supraoptic nucleus make

Study These Flashcards
A

its make ADH. ADH receptors are found in the kidney and it effects water reabsorption of kidneys.

23
Q

what is ADH

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A

it effects water reabsorption of kidneys. its stops u making a lot of urine and increases water reabsorption. it is affected by alcohol, as using increases and urin is dilute. it reduces production od ADH, therefore reduced reabsorption of water and so more water goes into urine and you become dehydrated

24
Q

what does the paraventricular nuclei make

Study These Flashcards
A

oxytocin; it is released in large amounts during childbirth and the target organ is the uterus. it goes through the capillaries and goes into blood and around body

25
how big is the posterior pituitary
only 1/4 of whole pituitary. the axons travel down the connection between base of third ventricle and pituitary and its axons
26
axons of posterior pituitary
axons travel down the connection between base of the third ventricle and pituitary and this axons are called hypothalami- hypophyseal tract
27
what does the posterior pituitary make
oxytocin and ADH; these hormones are actually made in hypothalamus and transported down
28
what is the anterior pituitary
it is the distal part of axons and surrounded by capillary network
29
structure of the anterior pituitary
superior hypophyseal artery divided and becomes capillaries and they surround the neutron of the hypothalamus and this capillaries pick up hormones made by neurons. the hormones enter blood and capillaries form venues and venues go down and link between hypothalamus and pituitary and go into anterior put and forms a secondary network forming venue and vein back to heart
30
what happens when artery turns into venules
they form secondary network called a portal systemm
31
what is another network of a portal system
when arteries go from aorta to small intestine and forms another capillary system.. this system absorbs all the products of digestive system from intestine and reforms into venule and larger veins. this then travels to the liver to form another capillary network and large vein
32
what does the liver do
processes and absorbs used stuff
33
what are the hormones released by cells of hypothalamus to the anterior part of the pituitary
TRH,GnRH,CRH,GHRH
34
what are the hormones of anterior pituitary
gonadotropin, thyrotropin, corticotropin, prolactin and somastosin
35
where is the pituitary gland
it sits in a fossa and its called sella turcica and its of the sphenoid bone. its the size of a kidney
36
what are the two parts of the pituitary gland
adenohypophysics and neurohypophysis
37
what is the adenohypophysis
its it 3/4 of the gland and it has two parts •anterior lobe / pars distils - connected to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system •pars tuberalis
38
what is the neurohypophysis
its is 1/4 of the gland and it has three parts •median eminicence •infundibulum •posterior lobe (pars nervosa)
39
what are the control of the pituitary secretion
1. rate of hormone secretion by pituitary is not constant 2. controlled by ; •hypothalamus •higher brain centres- via sensory information •feedback from target organs
40
what are the other endocrine glands
1. pineal 2. thymus 3. thyroid 4. parathyroid 5. adrenal 6. pancreas 7. gonads
41
what is the pineal
* its mainly active up to puberty; shrinks after this * regulates 24hr circadian rhythms of physiology * secreted melatonin - varies length day; may have role in pre menstrual tension & seasonal affective disorder * they may have role in onset of puberty
42
what is the thymus
* large in children shrinks with age | * secretes hormones that influence the development of T lymphocytes and other lymphatic organs
43
what is the thyroid
* largest endocrine gland in adults * very high blood flow per gram * produces mainly T4 hormone * increases basal metabolic rate, respiratory rate, heart rate, strength of heart beat, appetitive, breakdown of fuel molecules * produces calcitonin for regulation of blood calcium
44
what is the parathyroid
parathyroid hormone- regulation of blood calcium
45
what is the adrenal gland
inner part is called medulla(20%) •neuroendocrine cells/ chromatin cells •release adrenaline/noradrenaline/dopamine •fff response outer part is called cortex(80%) •25 steroid hormones- corticosteroids/corticoids •aldosterone- control of bp •cortisol-fat/protein catabolism; gluconegensis; release of FAs/ glucose into blood •androgens- converts into testosterone in target organs
46
what is the pancreas
* alpha cells- secrete glucagon; stimulated gluconegenosis; release of glucose into the blood, fat catabolism, release of FAs * beta cells- secrete insulin; increase cellular uptake of glucose, the synthesis of glycogen
47
what are gonads
* ovaries- secrete estradiol and progesterone | * testes- testosterone
48
what is the chemistry of hormones
1. steroids- derived from cholesterol 2. peptides- short amino acid chains 3. monoamides
49
what are hormone receptors
modulation of target cell sensitivity up regulation, in which a cell produces more receptors and increases its own sensitivity to a hormone down regulation in which a cell reduces the density of its receptors and lessens its sensitivity to a hormone
50
what is up regulation
1. low receptor density , weak response 2. increase receptor density, increased density stronger responce
51
what is down regulation
high receptor density, strong response reduces receptor density, reduces sensitivity diminished response
52
what's the nuclei of the hypothalamus
paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus

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