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URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

what is urology

A

medical specialty that focuses on the urinary system and its disorders and also include male and female reproductive system

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2
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder and urethra

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3
Q

What is the urinary system linked to

A

reproductive system- in many animals the egg and sperm are emitted through the urinary tract
in humans males, sperm are emitted through the urethra

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4
Q

what are the functions of kidneys

A
  1. excretion of wastes- filter blood plasma and separate wastes whilst returning useful substances back to bloodstream
  2. regulation of blood volume and pressure by water conservation/ elimination
  3. regulation of osmolarity of body fluids
  4. secretion of enzyme renin for regulation of BP and electrolytes
  5. secretion of hormone erythropoietin that stimulates RBC production
  6. regulation of pCO2 and acid base balance of body fluids
  7. synthesis of hormone calcitrol for calcium homeostasis
  8. glucosegenesis in conditions of extreme starvation
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5
Q

what is waste

A

any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of need

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6
Q

what is metabolic waste

A

waste produced by the body; faeces is not a metabolic waste

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7
Q

what is nitrogenous waste

A

among the toxic of metabolic wastes; 50% is urea produces by protein catabolism

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8
Q

what is excretion

A

process of separation wastes from the body fluids and elimination them

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9
Q

what is excretion carried out by

A
  1. respiratory system- C02, water
  2. integumentary system- water, inorganic salts, lactic acid and urea in sweat
  3. digestive system- not only eliminates food residue (not excretion) but excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol and other metabolic wastes
  4. urinary system- broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions and water
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10
Q

gross anatomy of kidneys

A

0.4% body weight but 21% of cardiac output

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11
Q

what is renal circulation

A

the larger blood vessels of the kidney

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12
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

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13
Q

how many nephrons does the kidney have

A

1.2 millions

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14
Q

what is the nephron composed of

A

2 parts; renal corpuscle that filters the blood plasma and renal tubule that converts the filtrate into urine

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15
Q

which nephron has short loops

A

cortical nephrons

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16
Q

which nephron has long loops

A

juxtamedullary nephrons- responsible for conservation of water

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17
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + glomerular casule

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18
Q

where does the blood flow through

A

afferent arteriole

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19
Q

formation of urine

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. water conservation
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20
Q

what is glomerular filtration

A

creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood

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21
Q

what is tubular reabsorption

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood and tubular secretion removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to the filtrate

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22
Q

what is water conservation

A

removes water from the urine and returns it to blood; concentrates wastes

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23
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtrate produced per minute by the two kidneys

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24
Q

what is the GFR in males and females

A

M: 125ml/min; 180l/day
F: 105ml/min; 150l/day

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25
tubular reabsorption/ secretion
1. PCT reabsorbs 65% of glomerular filtrate; PCT accounts for 6% of resting ATP usage- active transport 2. PCT reabsorbs i. sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate- 65% ii. glucose- 100% iii. urea- 40-60% iv. water- 67% 3. secretion in PCT and loop i. nitrogenous wastes, bile acids, catecholamines, prostaglandin ii. drugs- morphine, aspirin, penicillin iii. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to regulate pH 4. Loop reabsorbs 25% of sodium, potassium and chloride, 15% of water 5. fluids arriving at the DCT contains 20% of the water & 7% of the salts from the glomerular filtrate
26
what is water conservation
1. the nephron loops generate a large concentration gradient in the renal medulla 2. water is reabsorbed by osmosis from the collecting ducts 3. longer loops can generate greater concentration gradients= greater ability to concentrate urine eg desert animals
27
urine storage and elimination
1. ureters 2. urinary bladder 3. urethra 4. urinating
28
Ureters
25cm longs; formed at renal pelvis and connect to urinary bladder; 1.7cm diameters at entry into bladder; have a valve at entry to bladder to prevent reflux of urine
29
urinary bladder
muscular sac; muscle layer is called the detrusor muscle; maximum capacity 700-800m
30
urethra
3-4cm long in females; 18cm longs in males
31
urinating
called micturition, controlled partly by a spinal reflex and partly by the CNS
32
What are the organs of the urinary system
kidneys- clean and filter blood ureters- tubes that take urine to bladder bladder- stores urine until eliminates urethra- removes urine from body
33
what is the hilum
indentation where vessels and ureter attach
34
what is the cortex
outer zone of kidney
35
what is the medulla
interior of kidney
36
what are extensions of the cortex
renal columns which divides the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids
37
what structures is the nephrite tubule sorted into
``` bowman capsule proximal convoluted tube loop of henle distal convoluted tube collecting tubes ```
38
what is the bowmans capsule
cup shaped mouth of nephron usually in cortex
39
what is proximal convoluted tube
attached to bowmans capsule, highly coiled (convoluted)
40
what is loop of henle
large loop consisting of descending and ascending limb extends down into medulla
41
what are collecting tubules
many DCT's drain into one collecting tubule bundles of collecting tubules= pyramids
42
what is the renal artery
brings blood to kidney
43
what is glomerulus
dense capillary bed formed by afferent arteriole inside bowmans capsule
44
what is afferent arteriole
brings blood to individual nephrons
45
what is the renal corpuscle made up of
glomerulus + bowmans capsule
46
what is the efferent arteriole
blood leaves glomerulus via here
47
what is the peritubular capillaries
efferent arteriole divides into another capillary bed surround the nephrite tubule
48
what is the renal vein
returns blood to vena cava
49
where does filtration occur
in the renal corpuscle; from glomerulus to bowmans capsule
50
Proximal convoluted tube
80% of material to be reabsorbed are reabsorbed in PCT
51
loop of henle
additional cl+ and na+ ions are reabsorbed by active transport
52
what are other organs that serve an excretory function
kidneys skin- sweat glands lungs- co2 liver- bile pigments, salts, calcium
53
what is the kidney surrounded by
renal capsule; barrier against trauma and spread of infections
54
what is the hilum
indentation where vessels and ureters attach
55
how many nephrons
each kidney is composed of over 1 million nephrons; 1. nephrite tubule 2. associated blood supply
56
what is renin
an enzyme that regulates bp and electrolytes
57
what is erythropoietin
a hormone that stimulates rbc production
58
what is calcitrol
a hormone for calcium homeostasis
59
what is the order circulation or renal circulation
aorta -- renal a -- segmental a -- interloper a-- arcuate a -- interlobular a -- afferent a -- glomerulus -- efferent arteriole -- peritubular capillaries -- interlobular veins -- arcuate v -- interlobar v - renal v-- inferior vena cava
60
what is the renal corpuscle
filters the blood plasma
61
what is the renal tubule
converts the filtrate into urine
62
what are juxtamedullary nephrons responsible for
conservation of water
63
what are the 4 regions tubule
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley, distal convolute tubule, collecting duct ; 3cm long
64
what is passed through the filter
water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, fatty acid, vitamins, urea, uric acid, creatinine
65
what does pct reabsorb
sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate -65% glucose -100% urea- 40-60% water - 67%
66
what does pct secrete
nitrogenous wastes, bile acids, catecholamines, prostaglandis drugs hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to regulate pH

biology (9 decks)

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