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Anaphy Midterms > Blood and Circulatory System > Flashcards

Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

it forms double layer around the heart

A

inner serous pericardium

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2
Q

the outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is fused to the?

A

fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium is aka?

A

epicardium

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4
Q

the wall of heart is composed of ___ layers. what are these?

A

3; epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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5
Q

this layer of wall of the heart is consists of cardiac muscle tissue , which constitutes the bulk of heart

A

myocardium

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6
Q

lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart

A

endocardium

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7
Q

lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart

A

endocardium

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8
Q

the heart contains __ chambers. These are;

A

4; atria (2 upper) and ventricles (2 lower)

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9
Q

between the right atrium and left atrium is a partition called?

A

interatrial septum

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10
Q

the interatrial septum contains ____ ____ which is the remnant of _____ ______

A

fossa ovalis; foramen ovale

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11
Q

deoxygenated blood enters the heart through?

A

inferior and superior vena cava, and coronary sinus (located on the posterior surface of the heart)

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12
Q

the great vessels of the heart (deoxygenated blood)

A

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary artery

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13
Q

great vessels of the heart (oxygenated blood)

A

lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta

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14
Q

it prevents the backflow of blood in the heart

A

valves

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15
Q

valve that lie between the atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

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16
Q

tricuspid valve vs mitral valve

A

tricuspid - between right atrium and ventricle
mitral - between left atrium and ventricle

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17
Q

valve that lied between the opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle

A

pulmonary valve

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18
Q

the valve situated at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic valve

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19
Q

blood flows through the heart from areas of ____ blood pressure to areas of ____ blood pressure

A

higher; lower

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20
Q

movement of blood is controlled by contraction and relaxation of _____ as well as opening and closing of valves

A

myocardium

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21
Q

in pulmonary capillaries, blood loses ____ and gains _____

A

carbon dioxide; oxygen

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22
Q

originate as branches of the ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries

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23
Q

the coronary sinus empties into the _____ _____

A

right atrium

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24
Q

maintains heart rhythm

A

natural pacemaker of the heart

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25
set route for action potentials to ensure coordinated contraction of heart muscles
conduction system
26
conduction of action potentials through the heart generates ______ ______ that can be picked up by electrodes placed on the skin. A recording of electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat is called?
electrocardiogram (ECG or ECK)
27
waves that accompany each heartbeat and differentiate them
P wave (1st wave) - represents atrial depolarization QRS complex (2nd wave)- represents ventricular depolarization T wave (3rd wave) - ventricular repolarization
28
the QRS complex begins as a _____ _____ (Q); continues as a large, upright _____ wave (R); and ends as a ______ wave (S)
downward deflection; triangular; downward
29
one cardiac cycle = __ heartbeat
1
30
in a normal cardiac cycle, the 2 atria ____ while the 2 ventricles _____
contract; relax
31
refers to the phase of **contraction**
systole
32
refers to the phase of **relaxation**
diastole
33
3 phases of cardiac cycle
relaxation period - begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the _ventricles start to relax_ and all four chambers are in **diastole** atrial systole - contraction of atria ventricular systole - contraction of ventricles
34
it is the volume of blood ejected per minute
cardiac output
35
formula for cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
36
3 factors of cardiac output
degree of stretch, forcefulness of contraction, pressure required to eject blood
37
the nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the ______ ______ in the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center
38
________ is a _decrease_ in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen and ____ is an _increase_
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
39
carry blood **away** from the heart
arteries
40
regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries
arterioles
41
connect arterioles to venules; known as exchange vessels
capillaries
42
similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart
venules
43
the greater the pressure difference, the ______ the blood flow
greater
43
contraction of ventricles generate?
blood pressure
43
the **outer layer** of veins is the _____ layer
thickest
44
the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessels
blood pressure
45
the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels
vascular resistance
46
The _______ center in the medulla oblongata helps _regulate heart rate, and stroke volume_
cardiovascular
47
Hormones that help regulate blood pressure - ______- kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase BP - ______ - sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output - ______ - produced by hypothalamus. pituitary causes vasoconstriction and increased BP - ______ - atria of the heart causes vasodilation and lowers BP
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system epinephrine and norepinephrine antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
48
blood vessels are organized into ____ ____ that carry blood throughout the body
circulatory routes
49
2 major circulatory routes
systemic circulation , pulmonary circulation
50
all systemic arteries branch from ____
aorta
51
takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary circulation
52
provides main supply to the arm and is commonly used to measure BP
brachial artery
53
common site for measuring radial pulse
radial artery
54
gives rise to blood vessels that supply the palm and the fingers
superficial palmar arch
55
supplies the cerebellum and pons of the brain and the internal ear
basilar artery
56
equalize blood pressure to the brain and provide alternate routes for blood flow to the brain, should the arteries be damaged
internal carotid artery
57
the primary arteries of the pelvis; supply buttocks, pelvis, external genitals and thigh)
internal iliac arteries
58
supply the lower limbs
external iliac arteries
59
supply the lower abdominal wall, groin, external genitals, and muscles of thigh
femoral arteries
60
_______ supply the muscles and skin of the feet and toes; _______ supply the feet and toes
medial plantar arteries; lateral plantar arteries
61
the main vein of the heart
coronary sinus
62
the largest vein the body
inferior vena cava
63
______ vein drains blood from the lateral aspect of the upper limbs; _____ drain blood from the medial aspects of the upper limbs
cephalic; basilic
64
longest vein in the body
great saphenous veins
65
collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver
hepatic portal circulation
66
this routing allows the liver to extract and modify nutrients and detoxify harmful substances in the blood
hepatic portal circulation
67
this circulation only exists in fetus. it involves the exchenge of materials between fetus and the mother via _____
fetal circulation; placenta
68
the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat
pulse
69
normal pulse rate?
75 beats per min
70
blood pressure is measured by?
sphygmomanometer
71
systolic blood pressure vs diastolic blood pressure
SBP - force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction DBP - force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation
72
a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet metabolic needs
shock
73
a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac
aneurysm
74
liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
blood
75
3 functions of blood
regulation, transportation, protection
76
components of whole blood
blood plasma (dissolved substances) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
77
components of blood in a normal adult
blood plasma - 55% rbc - 45%
78
plasma proteins are synthesized mainly by the?
liver
79
PLASMA PROTEINS _______ - 54%, maintain proper blood osmotic pressure _______ - 38%, antibodies _______ - 7%, blood clots
albumin; globulin; fibrinogen
80
combats microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies
White blood cells
81
first to respond to bacterial invasion
neutrophils
82
combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitc worms
eosinophils
83
involved in inflammatory and allergic reaction
basophils
84
disc-shaped cell fragments with no nucleus
platelets
85
precursor of platelets
megakaryocytes
86
the body's response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels and prevent hemorrhage
hemostasis
87
contraction of smooth muscle wall of injured vessels
vascular spasm
88
complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads
blood clotting
89
Rh blood group
Rh+ (with antigen) Rh- (w/o antigen)
90
the ventricles, atria, and cavity are compressed; the fluid/blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity
cardiac tamponade

Anaphy Midterms (5 decks)

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