Eyes And Ears Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Eardrum is aka?
A
Tympanic membrane
2
Q
Eardrum _____ when sound waves enter the ear canal
A
Vibrates
3
Q
The barrier that separates the internal and external environment
A
Eardrum
4
Q
Ear and nose is made of ______ tissue
A
Cartilage
5
Q
What part of ear has less pain receptors compared to helix and auricle?
A
Lobule
6
Q
What is an inflammation in the ear caused by infection?
A
Otitis media
7
Q
Function of auditory tube
A
For pressure equalization
8
Q
Where are the smallest bones in the body located?
A
Middle ear
9
Q
What do you call the smallest bones in the body?
A
Ossicular bones
10
Q
Ossicular bones are composed of?
A
Incus, malleus, stapes
11
Q
Reduces the intensity of vibration in the ear, particularly during loud noises
A
Tensor tympani muscle
12
Q
Order of receiving sound waves in the middle ear?
A
Malleus, incus, stapes
13
Q
Function of vestibule
A
For balance and spatial orientation
14
Q
3 chambers of the eye
A
Anterior, Posterior, and vitreous chamber
15
Q
It covers the sclera
A
Conjunctiva
16
Q
It is the white part of the eye
A
Sclera
17
Q
It allows light to pass through
A
Pupil
18
Q
Responsible for adjusting the lens
A
Ciliary body
19
Q
When looking at far away objects, the lens _____; near objects makes the lens _____
A
Flattens; round
20
Q
Layer of the eye that has arteries and veins
A
Choroid
21
Q
What muscle elevates the eyelid
A
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
22
Q
Sense of smell
A
Olfaction
23
Q
Sense of taste
A
Gustation
24
Q
It describes three receptors for ___ and the visual pathway to the brain
A
Vision
25
Structures of the external, middle, and the internal ear
Hearing and Equilibrium
26
What are the special senses?
Olfaction, Gustation, Vision, Hearing and Equilibrium
27
Somatic senses
Tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive
28
Conditions within the internal organ
Visceral senses
29
Special senses
Smell, taste, vision, hearing, Equilibrium
30
Conscious/ subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment
Sensation
31
Sensation must satisfy how many conditions?
4
32
Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex
Perception
33
_4 conditions for sensation to occur_
1. Stimulus must occur and activate a ______
2. Receptor must convert the stimulus into ________
3. Nerve impulses must be conducted to the _______
4. Brain must receive and integrate the nerve impulses into a _______
Receptor; nerve impulses; brain; sensation
34
Stimulus getting to the brain
Sensation
35
How the cerebral cortex interprets the sensation
Perception
36
It is a characteristic of most sensory receptors
Adaptation
37
Perception of a sensation may _____ even though the stimulus persists
Fade/ disappear
38
Two variations of adaptation
Rapidly adapting - pressure, touch, smell
Slowly adapting - pain, body position, chemical composition of the blood
39
Bare dendritic associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations
Free nerve ending
40
Dendritic enclosed in a connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration and some touch sensations
Encapsulated nerve endings
41
Receptor cell that synapses with a first-order neuron; located in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and taste buds
Separate cells
42
Detect mechanical pressure, provide sensation of touch, pressure, vibration proprioception, and hearing a d Equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors
43
Monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs
Mechanoreceptors
44
Detect changes in the temperature
Thermoreceptors
45
Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
Nociceptors
46
Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye
Photoreceptors
47
Detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids
Chemoreceptors
48
Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids
Osmoreceptors
49
Three somatic receptors that are tactile
Touch, pressure and vibration, tickle and itch sensations
50
What are the six somatic receptors
Touch, pressure and vibration , tickle and itch sensations, thermoreceptors, pain, proprioception
51
What are the basis of classification of sensory receptors based on structure
Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, separate cells
52
Classification of sensory receptors based on its function
Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors , osmoreceptors
53
Hair root plexus, and type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Touch
54
Lamelated corpuscles can detect what sensation/s
Pressure and vibration
55
Free nerve endings can detect what sensation/s
Tickle and itch sensations
56
Free nerve endings in the epidermis and dermis have what type of somatic receptor
Thermoreceptors
57
The free nerve endings in nearly everybody can detect what sensation
Pain
58
These are proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles, tendons, synovial joints, inner hair cells
Proprioception
59
Two types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Type I - Merkel discs/ tactile disc's
Type II - Ruffini Corpuscle
60
This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptor can be found in the fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia
Type I - merkel discs/tactile discs
61
This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptors can be found deep in the dermis, ligaments, tendons, hands and soles
Type II - Ruffini Corpuscle
62
This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptor is sensitive to stretching
Type II - ruffini corpuscle
63
What are the types of tactile receptors for touch
Corpuscles of touch (meissner's corpuscle) and hair root plexuses
64
This type of tactile receptor can be found in the dermal papillae of the hairless skin
Corpuscles of touch (Meissner's corpuscle)
65
Hair root plexuses can be found in?
Hairy skin
66
What are the tactile receptors for pressure
Corpuscles of touch, Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors, lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
67
It is a tactile receptor of pressure that can adapt quickly and is widely distributed in the body
Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
68
What are the tactile receptors for vibration
Corpuscles of touch and lamellated corpuscles
69
This tactile receptors for vibration detects lower frequency vibration
Corpuscles of touch
70
This tactile receptor for vibration detects higher frequency vibration
Lamellated corpuscles
71
It is the stimulation of _free nerve endings_ by chemicals
Itch
72
It is a local inflammatory response
Bradykinin
73
It detects itch and tickle
Free nerve endings
74
This nerve endings arises only when someone touches you and not when you touch yourself
Tickle
75
It contains free nerve endings that are sensitive to cold
Epidermis
76
It contains free nerve endings that are sensitive to warm
Dermis
77
Extreme temperatures beyond 108C and 488C stimulate mainly _______, producing _______ sensations
Nociceptors; painful
78
Pain receptors are also known as
Nociceptors
79
This receptor is found everywhere except the brain
Nociceptors
80
Pain may persist even after a pain producing stimulus is removed because pain causing chemicals linger and because nociceptors exhibit ______
Very little adaptation
81
What are the types of pain receptors
Fast pain and slow pain
82
Type of pain receptors that is
- rapid/ happens after 0.1 seconds
- acute, sharp or picking pain
- Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin
- not felt in the deeper tissues of the body
Fast pain
83
Type of pain receptors that is
- a second or more after stimulus
- Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes
- May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain
- can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs
- tooth ache
Slow pain
84
It allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them
Proprioceptive sensations
85
It allows us to walk, type, or dress without using our eyes
Proprioceptive sensations
86
This sensation allows us to estimate weight
Proprioceptive sensations
87
This type of sensations can be found in the muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
Proprioceptive sensations
88
Includes smell, taste, sight, hearing, and Equilibrium
Special senses
89
Allows us to detect changes in the environment
Special senses
90
A branch of medicine that focuses on the eye and its disorders
Ophthalmology
91
It is the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.
Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
92
The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains
1. Olfactory receptor cells
2. Supporting cells
3. Basal cells
93
How does an individual olfactory receptor respond to hundreds of different odaran molecules
By producing an electrical signal that triggers one or more nerve impulses
94
Decreasing sensitivity to odors
Adaptation
95
Pathway of olfactory sensation
1. Nasal mucosa receptors
2. Olfactory (I) Nerve
3. Cribriform plate
4. Olfactory bulb
5. Olfactory tract
6m primary olfactory area in the temporal lobe
96
It is where the gustatory receptor cells are located
Taste buds
97
To be tasted, substances must be ____ in saliva
Dissolved
98
What are the five primary tastes
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
99
It is where the taste receptors are located
Taste buds
100
Where are the taste buds located
Tongue papillae
101
Lifespan of taste buds
10 days
102
Each taste bud has three kinds of epithelial cells
Supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells
103
What are the types of papillae
Village, fungiform, foliate, filiform
104
There are typically about *12* ____ that is located at the back of the tongue *100 - 300 taste buds*
Vallate papillae
105
This papillae is scattered over the tongue with about five taste buds each
Fungiform papillae
106
This is located in lateral trenches of the tongue– most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood
Foliate papillae
107
It covers the entire surface of the tongue
Filiform papillae
108
This papillae contains tactile receptors but no taste buds
Filiform papillae
109
This papillae increases friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth
Filiform papillae
110
It is dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores
Tastant
111
Pathway of sense of tatse
1. Release of neurotransmitter molecules from gustatory receptor cell
2. First order neuron
3. Gustatory receptors in taste buds
112
What are the cranial nerves involved in sense of taste
Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X)
113
It produces and drains tears
Lacrimal apparatus
114
Move the eye
Extrinsic eye muscles
115
Controls eyelid movement
Palpebral muscles
116
Responsible for moving the eyeball
Extrinsic eye muscles
117
Is a thin, protective mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
Conjunctiva
118
It is a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids
Tarsal plate
119
This sebaceous gland keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other
Tarsal glands/ Meibomian glands
120
Pathway for tear
1. Lacrimal gland
2. Lacrimal ducts
3. Lacrimal puncture
4. Lacrimal canaliculi
5. Lacrimal sac
6. Nasolacrimal ducts
7. Nasal cavity
121
The 2 ____(coats) of the eyeball are ____ and _____
Tunics; fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
122
What type of tunic do the _cornea and sclera_ belong to?
Fibrous tunic
123
What type of tunic do the choroid, biliary body and iris belong to?
Vascular Tunic
124
Contraction of the _____ muscles causes _constriction_ of the pupil; contraction of the _______ muscles causes _dilation_ of the pupil
Circular; radial
125
It is the colored portion of the eyeball
Iris
126
Controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes
Iris
127
- Inner coat of the eyeball
- beginning of the visual pathway
Retina
128
Two layers of retina
Pigmented and Neural layer
129
This layer of retina contains melanin and absorbs stray light
Pigmented layer
130
This layer of retina contains rods and cones
Photoreceptors
131
Has no rods or cones
Optic disc
132
- shades of gray in different light
- absent in fovea, more numerous in the periphery of the retina
- 6-600 : 1 bipolar cell
Rods
133
- stimulated by brighter light; highly acute color vision
- blue, green, red cones
- most dense in fovea centralis
- 1:1 bipolar cell higher acuity
Cones
134
Divided into an *anterior chamber* and a *posterior chamber* by the iris
Anterior Cavity
135
The anterior chamber and a posterior chamber is filled with _____ humor
Aqueous
136
It is filled with *vitreous humor*
Posterior cavity/ vitreous chamber
137
Aka vitreous chamber
Posterior cavity
138
It is a clear, watery liquid
Aqueous chamber
139
It is a transparent, gelatinous substance
Vitreous humor
140
Focus image on the retina
Cornea and lens
141
75% of the total refraction occurs at the ____
Cornea
142
The lens of the eye further ______ the light rays so that they come into exact focus on the ____
Refracts; Retina
143
Images focused on the *retina* are _______ due to ______
Inverted and right-to-left reversed; refraction
144
The ____ must _____ to properly focus the object
Lens; accommodate
145
It is the site of the sharpest vision
Central fovea
146
refers to the eye's ability to change the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.
Accommodation
147
- Normal
- sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6m (20ft)
Emmetropic eye
148
Near sightedness
Myopia
149
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
150
A condition where either the cornea or the lens has an irregular curvature
Astigmatism
151
Nearsighted and farsighted, use what type of lens?
Near - concave lens
Far - convex lens
152
The eyeball is longer than it should be and the image *converges* in front of the retina
Myopia
153
People see close objects better
Myopia
154
The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina
Hyperopia
155
Individuals can see distant objects better
Hyperopia
156
It causes blurred or distorted vision
Astigmatism
157
Part of ear that includes the auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
External ear
158
It captures sound
Auricle
159
It transmits sound to the eardrum
External auditory canal
160
Ceruminous glands secrete _____ to protect the canal and eardrum
Cerumen (earwax)
161
Middle ear Contains 3 auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes
162
Sound vibrations are transmitted from the ____ through these 3 bones to the ____ into which the stapes fit
Eardrum; oval window
163
The _____ tube extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear
Eustachian
164
Aka labyrinth
Inner ear
165
Translates vibration into Neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound
Cochlea
166
It contains utricle and saccule
Vestibule
167
Semicirular Canals work with the _____ for _____ and _____
Cerebellum; balance; Equilibrium
168
Which are responsible for static Equilibrium
Utricle and saccule
169
Detects linear motion
Static Equilibrium
170
Utricle vs saccule
Utricle - linear horizontal motion
Saccule - linear vertical motion
171
They detect dynamic Equilibrium
Semicircular canals
172
Responsible for sensing rotational acceleration/ deceleration
Semicircular canals
