Respiratory System Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Gas exchange between the blood and external environment occur only in the ___ of the lungs
A
Alveoli
2
Q
What tract includes the passageway from the nose to larynx
A
Upper respiratory tract
3
Q
What tract includes passageway from trachea to alveoli
A
Lower respiratory tract
4
Q
Most abundant cell type; responsible for ciliary beating
A
Ciliated Columnar Cells
5
Q
Apical portion of these cells contain a polysaccharide-rich mucous droplet
A
Mucus Goblet Cell
6
Q
Columnar cells with numerous microvilli
A
Brush cells
7
Q
Small, rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the usual surface of the epithelium
A
Basal Cells
8
Q
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
A
Nose
9
Q
The route through which air enters the nose
A
Nostrils
10
Q
The interior of the nose
A
Nasal cavity
11
Q
It divides the nasal cavity
A
Nasal septum
12
Q
Olfactory receptors are located in the ____ on the superior surface
A
Mucosa
13
Q
- moisten air
- traps incoming foreign particles
- enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically
A
Mucosa
14
Q
Are projections from the lateral walls
A
Conchae
15
Q
- increase surface area
- increase air turbulence within nasal cavity
- increase trapping of inhaled particles
A
Conchae
16
Q
Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
A
Palate
17
Q
Hard palate vs soft
A
HP: anterior and supported by bine
SP: Posterior and unsupported
18
Q
Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity
A
Paranasal sinuses
19
Q
- lighten the skull
- act as resonance chamber for speech
- produce mucus
A
Sinuses
20
Q
Most dilated, anterior portion
A
Vestibule
21
Q
Vestibule is lined by _______
A
Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
22
Q
3 types of cells found in the nose/ nasal cavity
A
Olfactory cells, basal cells, and supporting or sustencular cells
23
Q
consists of the lungs and a series of passages
A
respiratory system
24
Q
intake of oxygen by blood and elimination of carbon dioxide
A
function of respiratory system
25
conducting portion vs respiratory portion
* Conducting Portion - Warm, humidify, or clean
the air.
* Respiratory Portion - Exchange of gases takes
place.
26
A type of epithelial tissue with ciliated cells
and goblet cells.
Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated with Goblet
Cells
27
A type of cell present in the respiratory epithelium.
Small Granule Cell
28
Externally Visible Part of the Respiratory System
nostrils, nasal cavity, nasal septum, olfactory receptors, respiratory mucosa
29
The route through which air enters the nose.
Nostrils (Nares)
30
The interior of the nose.
nasal cavity
31
Divides the nasal cavity.
Nasal Septum
32
receptors that are located in the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Receptors
33
Lines the rest of the nasal cavity
Respiratory Mucosa
34
Functions:
- Moistens air.
- Traps incoming foreign particles.
- Contains enzymes in the mucus that chemically destroy bacteria.
Respiratory Mucosa
35
Projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Conchae
36
Functions:
- Increase surface area.
- Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity.
- Increase trapping of inhaled
particles.
Conchae
37
hard palate vs soft palate
- Hard Palate - Anterior portion, supported by bone.
- Soft Palate - Posterior portion, unsupported by bone.
38
Separates the nasal cavity from the
oral cavity.
palate
39
Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
Paranasal Sinuses
40
Functions of ________
- Lighten the skull.
- Act as resonance chambers for speech.
- Produce mucus.
sinuses
41
Most dilated, anterior portion of the nasal cavity, lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium.
Vestibule
42
Dense connective tissue, contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.
Lamina Propria (LP)
43
Olfactory Region - Contains ________ (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the nasal fossa, the receptor organ for _____.
olfactory mucosa; smell
44
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE) without goblet cells, with no distinct basal lamina.
Lining Epithelium (LE)
45
Lamina Propria (LP) contains what glands?
Bowman's glands
46
Respiratory Region - Lined by ______ columnar ciliated epithelium with ____, with a ____ basement membrane.
pseudostratified; goblet cells; thick
47
- Contains serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands, cavernous plexuses.
Lamina Propria (LP)
48
Adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath.
Mucoperiosteum/Mucoperichondrium
49
a muscular passageway from the nasal cavity to the
larynx
pharynx
50
regions of pharynx
nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
51
Regions of the Pharynx: Superior region behind
the nasal cavity.
nasopharynx
52
Regions of the Pharynx: Middle region behind the
mouth.
oropharynx
53
Regions of the Pharynx: Inferior region
attached to the larynx.
laryngopharynx
54
regions of pharynx that Serve as common passageways for air and food.
oro and laryngopharynx
55
Routes food into the posterior
tube, the esophagus.
epiglottis
56
Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play
a role in protecting the body from infection.
tonsils
57
A single tonsil located in the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid)
58
Two tonsils located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.
palatine tonsils
59
Two tonsils found at the base of the tongue.
lingual tonsils
60
Routes air and food into proper channels
and plays a role in speech.
larynx
61
larynx is located ____ to the pharynx
inferior
62
larynx is made of ________ cartilages
eight rigid hyaline cartilages
63
the largest hyaline cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage (adam's apple)
64
Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of the larynx.
Epiglottis
65
Functions:
- Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea.
- Rises during swallowing to form a lid over the larynx opening.
epiglottis
66
Laryngeal Regions:
Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule) , Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle) ,Lower (Vocal Cords)
67
This laryngeal region extends from the laryngeal inlet above to the vestibular folds below.
Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule)
68
the laryngeal region that is Between the vestibular folds above and the true vocal cords below.
Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle)
69
this laryngeal region Contains the vocalis muscles and vocalis ligament.
lower (vocal cords)
70
Made of two pairs of folds between
the ventricles:
mucosa
71
vocal cord: Upper part lined with respiratory
epithelium.
False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)
72
vocal cord: Lower part lined with stratified squamous noncornified epithelium.
True Vocal Cords (Vocal Folds)
73
Which part of the vocal cords has a lamina propria with loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, lymphocytes, lymphatic nodules, and laryngeal glands of mixed secretion?
Lamina propria of the false vocal cords.
74
Which part of the larynx is lined with respiratory epithelium in its upper region?
False vocal cords.
75
Which vocal cords contain a lamina propria but are not involved in sound production?
false vocal cords
76
What connective tissue layer is present in both the true and false vocal cords?
lamina propria
77
Which part of the vocal cords has a lamina propria that is almost indistinct and contains a vocal ligament?
Lamina propria of the true vocal cords.
78
muscle that is present in the true vocal cords
vocalis muscle
79
The cartilages that make up the larynx
Laryngeal cartilages
80
paired cartilages and unpaired vcartilages
**paired**
o Arytenoid Cartilages - Control vocal cord movement.
o Corniculate Cartilages - Small cartilages on top of arytenoids.
o Cuneiform Cartilages - Small cartilages in the laryngeal mucosa.
**unpaired**
o Thyroid Cartilage - Largest cartilage, forms the front of the larynx (Adam's apple).
o Cricoid Cartilage - Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid.
o Epiglottis - Spoon-shaped cartilage that protects the larynx opening.
81
Commonly called the windpipe, it is a 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx.
Trachea
82
The walls of trachea are reinforced with C shaped rings of _____ cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open).
hyaline
83
trachea is lined with
ciliated mucosa
84
the ____ in the trachea, beat continuously in the
opposite direction of incoming air to expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs.
cilia
85
A thin-walled tube that bifurcates into two primary bronchi.
trachea
86
the lamina propria of trachea contains ______ ______ tissue
loose connective
87
the cartilage of trachea comprises ____ C-shaped hyaline cartlages
16-20
88
this layer of connective tissue surrounds the trachea
perichondrium
89
Smooth muscle fibers located posteriorly in the gap between the ends of the cartilages.
Trachealis Muscles
90
Formed by the division of the trachea.
main bronchi
91
Each bronchus enters the lung at the ____ (medial depression).
hilum
92
right vs left bronchus
Right Bronchus - Wider, shorter, and
straighter than the left bronchus.
93
Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the central mediastinum.
lungs
94
The ___ of each lung is near the clavicle (superior portion).
apex
95
the ___ of the lungs rests on the diaphragm
base
96
lobes of each lungs
left = 2 lobes
right = 3 lobes
97
Covers the outer surface of the lungs.
serosa
*Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura - Covers the
lung surface. *
98
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.
parietal pleura
99
Fills the area between layers,
allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax and
decreasing friction during breathing.
Pleural fluid
100
The area between the layers of the visceral pleura and parietal pleura is referred to as the
pleural space
101
The network of branching passageways formed by the subdivision of main bronchi into smaller branches.
bronchial tree
102
in the lungs, All but the _____ passageways have _____ cartilage in their walls.
smallest; reinforcing
103
The smallest conducting passageways.
bronchioles
104
Branching airways that lead to the lungs.
Bronchi
105
Portion of the main bronchus that is outside the lungs.
Extrapulmonary bronchus
106
The portion of the bronchi that is within the lungs.
intrapulmonary bronchus
107
the **mucosa** of ____ Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE) with goblet cells (GC).
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
108
the ____ ______ of INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS is Made of irregular hyaline cartilage; consists of broken plates of cartilage.
Fibrocartilaginous coat
109
Small airway passages, 1 mm or less in
diameter.
Bronchioles
110
bronchioles have no
cartilages and secretory glands and lymphatic nodules
111
Air passages with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less.
Terminal Bronchioles
112
Lining Epithelium (LE) of Terminal Bronchioles is _____ _______ ______ epithelium without goblet cells.
Simple ciliated columnar
113
has a smooth muscle layer that is continuous with less mucosal folds
terminal bronchioles
114
lining epithelium of respiratory bronchioles?
SIMPLE NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
115
___ cells secrete products analogous to alveolar surfactant.
Clara
116
Non-ciliated cuboidal bronchiolar
epithelial cells that are secretory in nature.
clara cells
117
Thin-walled tubes with discontinuous walls giving off branches; lined with simple squamous epithelium.
alveolar ducts
118
Thin-walled outpocketings, clusters of two or more alveoli; lined with simple squamous epithelium.
alveolar sacs
119
Communication between an alveolar duct and an alveolar sac.
atrium
120
Thin-walled outpocketings lining alveolar sacs, ducts, and respiratory bronchioles; site for gas exchange between blood and air; considered the most important lung component.
pulmonary alveoli
121
lining epithelium of pulmonary alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
122
123
Squamous or flattened cells that form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces, have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with Type II alveolar cells, and are involved in gas exchange.
Type I Alveolar Cells (Small Alveolar Cells /
Pneumocyte Type I)
123
Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant which lowers the surface tension and contain secretory granules at their supranuclear portion.
Type II Alveolar Cells (Great Alveolar Cells /
Septal Cells / Pneumocyte Type II)
124
_____ Lead into respiratory
zone structures and terminate in alveoli.
terminal bronchioles
125
Alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and blood.
Blood-Air Barrier
126
Three Layers of the Blood-Air Barrier:
1. Alveolar epithelium
2. interstitial space
3. capillary endothelium
127
Innermost layer that lines the alveoli.
Alveolar Epithelium
128
Space between the alveolar
epithelium and the capillary endothelium.
Interstitial Space
129
Shared basement membrane between the
alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium.
Fused Basement Membrane
130
Outermost layer that lines the blood vessels within the alveolar
septum.
Capillary Endothelium
131
Free phagocytic cells that contain particles of dust, also known as dust cells.
Alveolar Macrophages
132
In congestion, alveolar macrophages become filled with this, and referred to as heart failure cells.
Hemosiderin Pigments
133
Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments.
Heart Failure Cells
134
Structures that include alveoli, which are composed largely of
simple squamous epithelial cells.
Respiratory Zone
135
Connect neighboring air sacs.
Alveolar Pores
135
Cover the external surfaces of alveoli.
Pulmonary Capillaries
136
Gas exchange between Pulmonary Blood and Alveoli.
External Respiration
136
Gas Crosses Respiratory Membrane by
Diffusion
137
___ loaded in the blood; ___ unloaded in the blood
oxygen, carbon dioxide
137
Moving air in and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
138
Gas Exchange between Blood and Tissue Cells in Systemic Capillaries.
Internal Respiration
138
Mechanical process
that depends on volume changes in the
thoracic cavity.
pulmonary ventilation
138
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide via Bloodstream.
Respiratory Gas Transport
138
Physiological processes
involved in the act of breathing.
mechanics of breating
139
when volume change, it Leads to ____ changes, which lead to the flow of gases to _____ pressure.
pressure; equalize
139
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration and expiration.
139
Phase in which the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
Inspiration (inhalation)
139
Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Expiration (exhalation)
139
The pressure within the pleural space is always negative.
major factor of Intrapleural Pressure
139
Inspiration vs expiration.
Inspiration (inhalation) - Flow of air into the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation) - Air leaving the lungs.
139
during inspiration, ___ increases and ____ decreases
intrapulmonary volume; gas
140
during expiration, ___ increases and ____ decreases
gas pressure; intrapulmonary volume
140
Can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage.
Forced expiration
140
Normal quiet breathing;
500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with
each breath.
tidal volume
140
Factors affecting respiratory capacity
Size, Age, Sex, Physical Condition
140
prevent lung collapse
Intrapleural Pressure
140
Air that actually reaches
the respiratory zone; usually about 350 ml.
functional volume
141
Air that remains in the
conducting zone and never reaches alveoli;
about 150 ml.
dead space volume
141
Essentially the same as crying in
terms of the air movements produced. Also an
emotionally induced response.
laughing
141
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume; usually around 3,100 ml.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
141
Air remaining in the lung after expiration; cannot be voluntarily exhaled.
Residual volume
141
Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even
between breaths, and helps keep alveoli
open (inflated); about 1,200 ml.
Residual volume
141
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration; approximately 1,200 ml.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
141
Total amount of exchangeable
air; calculated as vital capacity = TV + IRV +
ERV.
Vital capacity
142
Inspiration followed by release of air
in a number of short expirations. Primarily an
emotionally induced mechanism.
crying
142
Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws
wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli
may remain collapsed during normal quiet
breathing).
yawn
142
Clears Lungs of Debris
cough
142
expelled air is directed through nasal cavities
instead of through the oral cavity. The uvula, a
dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft
palate, becomes depressed and closes, routing
air through nasal cavities. Sneezes clear upper
respiratory passages.
sneeze
142
Sudden inspirations resulting from
spasms of the diaphragm; initiated by
irritation of the diaphragm or phrenic nerves,
which serve the diaphragm. The sound occurs
when inspired air hits vocal folds of the closed
glottis.
hiccups
142
respiratory sounds are monitored with a
stethoscope
142
Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi.
Bronchial sounds
143
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli.
Vesicular breathing sounds
144
Gas exchanges - Occur as a result of
diffusion
145
Exchange of gases
occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary
blood (pulmonary gas exchange).
External Respiration
146
Carbon dioxide unloading - Carbon dioxide
diffuses from the _____ of the pulmonary
capillaries to the _____.
blood; alveoli
146
the movement of the gas is toward the area of ____ concentration
lower
146
Exchange of gases
occurring between the blood and tissue cells
(systemic capillary gas exchange).
Internal Respiration
147
______ loading - Oxygen diffuses from the
oxygen-rich air of the alveoli to the oxygen
poor _____ of the pulmonary capillaries.
oxygen; blood
147
Oxygen is loaded into
the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded out
of the blood.
external respiration
148
Most oxygen travels attached to ____ and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂).
hemoglobin
149
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as ___ ion (HCO₃⁻).
bicarbonate
149
neural centers - Centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla and pons.
medulla and pons
149
Exchange of gases between
blood and tissue cells.
internal respiration
150
- **Carbon dioxide diffusion (Loading)** - Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called ____).
- **Oxygen diffusion (Unloading)** - Oxygen
diffuses from blood into ___.
loading; tissue
151
Setting the basic rhythm of
respiration.
Neural regulation
152
Sets the basic rhythm of
breathing and contains a pacemaker
medulla
153
Smoothes out the respiratory
rate.
pons
154
Rising levels of CO₂ in the
blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper
breathing, exhaling more CO₂ to elevate blood
pH. This may result in apnea and dizziness,
leading to alkalosis.
hyperventilation
155
Results when blood
becomes alkaline (alkalosis), leading to
extremely slow or shallow breathing, allowing
CO₂ to accumulate in the blood.
hypoventilation
156
A progressive lung disease exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
157
A condition where the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed, leading to excessive mucus production that impairs ventilation and gas exchange. Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called “blue bloaters” due to chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention.
Chronic bronchitis
158
A condition characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls, leading to enlarged remaining alveoli. Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, causing a loss of elasticity. Patients expend a large amount of energy to exhale, with
some air remaining in the lungs. Sufferers are often referred to as “pink puffers” because oxygen exchange is efficient. Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest, with cyanosis appearing late in the disease.
Emphysema
159
Lungs do not fully inflate until _ _____ after birth; this change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on surfactant.
2 weeks
160
Substance that lowers
surface tension in the alveoli, preventing
them from collapsing. Surfactant is
formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to
30 weeks.
surfactant
161
(NO ANSWERS, JUST REMEMBER!!)
Respiratory rate changes throughout life - The
number of respirations varies with age:
* Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per
minute
* Infants: 30 respirations per minute
* Age 5: 25 respirations per minute
* Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute
* The rate often increases again in old age.
162
A condition characterized
by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive
bronchiole passages that respond to irritants
with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing. It can
be managed with a bronchodilator.
Bronchial asthma
163
______ effects on the respiratory system - Changes in the respiratory system due to aging include:
* Decreased elasticity of the lungs
* Decreased vital capacity
* Decreased blood oxygen levels
* Reduced stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
* The elderly are often hypoxic and may exhibit sleep apnea.
* Increased risk of respiratory tract infections.
Aging
