Blood and Hematopoeisis Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of blood? (2)
A
Transportation and Regulation of body temperature.
2
Q
What does the blood transport?
A
O2, CO2, Metabolites, and Hormones.
3
Q
What are the components of blood?
A
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
4
Q
What are the formed ELEMENTS of blood? (Give %)
A
99% RBCs, Less than 1% of WBC and platelates.
5
Q
What are found in the plasma?
A
CHolesterol, glucose, LDL, HDL, and hormones.
6
Q
Plasma is mostly composed of? (Give %)
A
Water (92%), Proteins (7%), other solutes (1%)
7
Q
Does erythrocytes contain nucleus?
A
NO!
8
Q
What is the life span of erythrocytes?
A
120 days
9
Q
What does erythrocytes contain?
A
Hemoglobin
10
Q
Why does erythrocytes contain Hemoglobin?
A
So Oxygen can bind!
11
Q
What are Reticulocytes?
A
Young RBCs
12
Q
What is the percentage of Reticulocytes in all RBCs?
A
1%
13
Q
What does the Reticulocytes contain?
A
Residual rRNA
14
Q
What is the size of Erythrocytes?
A
6-7 Nanometers!
15
Q
What are the functions of Leukocytes?
A
Involved in cellular defense system.
16
Q
What are the two types of Leukocytes?
A
Granular and Agranular
17
Q
Which leukocytes are granular?
A
Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils (B.E.N)
18
Q
Which leukocytes are agranular?
A
Lymphocytes and Monocytes (-cytes)
19
Q
How does leukocytes enter connective tissues?
A
Leave venuels and capillaries to enter.
20
Q
What is the mechanism of how leukocytes leaves venules and capillaries?
A
Through diapedesis (Squeezed out)
21
Q
What causes diapedesis?
A
Chemotaxis
22
Q
What are the two types of GRANULES?
A
Specific and azurophilic
23
Q
Does agranulocytes have granules?
A
Yes, ONLY azurophilic, NOT specific.
24
Q
Granulocytes have____nucleus?
A
Lobed
25
Granulocytes are _____ terminal cells?
Nondividing
26
How do granulocytes die, and in what kind of tissue?
Apoptosis in connective tissue.
27
Neutrophils are _____ staining granules.
Neutral
28
How many lobes (nucleuses) can neutrophils have?
2-5 lobed nucleus
29
What are the functions of neutrophils?
Phagocytize bacteria and other small particles.
30
Eosinophils has _____ nucleus.
Bilobed (Alien looking)
31
What type of granules does eosinophils have?
Large, eosinophilic specific granules.
32
What are the functions of eosinophils?
Associated with allergic and inflammatory reactions and parasitic infections. ('Eww'='Eo')
33
Basophils has obscure, _____ lobed nucleus.
Irregularly
| FYI: (Hard to see the nucleus, blended with granules)
34
Basophils has specific granules of _____ and _____.
Histamine and Heparin (works with mast cells)
35
What are the functions of basophils?
Inflammatory response.
36
Basophils supplement the functions of _____.
Mast cells.
37
Macrophages are activated by?
Bacteria or tissue damage.
38
Agranulocytes have _____ granules.
Azurophilic granules
39
What are the shapes of agranulocyte's nucleuses?
Round or indented nucleus.
40
What are the two agranular leukocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
41
What is the life span of lymphocytes?
Few days to years
42
Lymphocytes course from _____ to tissues and returns to _____.
Blood; Blood
43
What is predominant in blood?
Small lymphocytes
44
What are the characteristics of small lymphocytes?
Dark nucleus (condesed, clumpy chromatin), thin rim of cytoplasm.
45
Monocytes has a _____, _____ shaped nucleus.
Oval, kidney-bean
46
What will monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages
47
Where will monocytes differentiate into macrophages?
In connective tissue
48
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
49
Does platelets/thrombocytes have nucleus?
NO!
50
What is the life span of platelets/thrombocytes?
10 days
51
Platelets are fragments of _____
Megakaryocytes
52
What are the functions of platelets/thrombocytes?
Promote clotting and vessel repair.
53
How does platelets look like?
Junks/Debris
54
What is Hematopoiesis, and where does it happen?
Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow.
55
What are the different types of blood cell formation that occurs in the bone marrow?
Erythropoeisis, Granulopoiesis, Monocytopoiesis, and Megakaryocytopoiesis.
56
Hematopoiesis are derived from?
Pluripotential cells
57
Cells undergo what stages during hematopoiesis?
Proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.
58
Cells undergo stages of proliferation, differentiation and maturation are under the control of what?
Growth factors (called colony-stimulating factors or hematopoietins)
59
There are 2 cell lines in hematopoiesis which will produce _____ cells and _____ cells.
Lymphoid cells and Myeloid cells
60
Hematopoiesis (Hemapoiesis) is the process for blood cell formation of simultanous, continous___1___ and ___2___ of cells derived from ___3___ whose potentiality is ___4___ as differentiation progresses. ___5___ is formed.
1) Proliferation
2) Differetiation
3) Stem cells
4) Reduced
5) Cell colonies
61
There are _____ types of bone marrow. What are they?
2 types; Yellow and red bone marrow.
62
Which bone marrow contains adipose tissue?
Yellow bone marrow
63
Red bone marrow (gelatinous vascular CT) is composed of? (3)
- Reticular fibers and cells
- Cords of hemotopoietic cells and macrophages
- Sinusoidal capillaries
64
What is sinusoidal capillaries?
Discontinous layer of endothelial cells
65
What are the functions of red bone marrow? (3)
- Production of blood cells
- Destruction of worn-out RBCs
- Storage of iron
66
Release of mature cells are controlled by _____ factors?
Releasing
67
Blood cells are produced in response to_____.
Body's needs
| Ex: Complement, hormones
68
During Erythropoiesis, there are 3-5 cell divisions between the _____ and _____.
Proerythrocytes and mature cell.
69
To synthesize hemoglobin; need to form an _____, small cell; then disappearance of organelles.
Enucleated biconcave
70
It takes _____ days in bone marrow from proerythrocytes to reticulocytes.
7 days
71
What are essential for erythropoiesis? (4)
Erythropoietin, iron, folic acid, and Vit B12 are essential.
72
What cell line might proerythroblast to reticulocyte be a part of?
Erythropoiesis
73
Why does proerythrocyte look darker than polychromatic or orthochromatic cells?
Proerythrocyte and basophilic erythroblast has a lot of ribosomes to synthesize hemoglobin, which makes it look darker.
Polychromatic and orthochromatic cells have hemoglobin already synthesized, fewer ribosomes are present.
74
What helps proerythrocytes and basophilic erythroblasts synthesize hemoglobin?
Many polyribosomes.
75
During which phase is the cell filled with hemoglobin, and the nucleus is dark (ready to be kicked out)?
Orthochromatophilic
76
Maturation characterized by synthesis of granules in cytoplasm (azurophilic and specific) is known as?
Granulopoiesis
77
Granules contain _____ in each of the 3 types of mature cells which results in the functional differences amont theses cells.
Different proteins
78
From myloblast to promyelocyte which gives rise to ___ types of granules. What are they?
3 types; Early neutrophilic myelocyte, Early eosinophilic myelocyte, Early basophilic myelocyte.
79
How many days does it take for Early neutrophilic myelocyte, Early eosinophilic myelocyte, Early basophilic myelocyte to mature?
About 10-14 days
80
What is the sequence starting from Myeloblast to form Eosinophilic stab cell? (6 Steps)
Myeloblast >Promylocyte >Early eosinophilic myelocyte >Late eosinophilic myelocyte >Eosinophilic metamyelocyte >Mature eosinophil (Eosinophilic stab cells)
81
What is the sequence to produce neutrophils from myeloblast? (5 Steps)
Myeloblast >Promyelocyte >Early neutrophilic myelocyte >Late neutrophilic myeloctye >Neutrophilic metamyelocyte >Neutrophilic stab/band cells
82
Maturation of lymphocytes and monocytes are distinguished on basis of _____, _____, and _____.
Size, Chromatin structure, and Nucleoli.
83
Lymphocytes comes from _____, and how many divisions?
Lymphoblast; 2-3 divisions
84
Lymphocytes are _____ cells in bone marrow.
Progenitor cells
85
Lymphocytes will migrate to _______ although some populate _______ first.
Peripheral lymphoid organs; thymus (T-lymphocytes)
86
Distinction of lymphocytes is to identify cell-surface receptors through?
Special immunocytochemical techniques
87
Monocytes are formed by?
Monoblasts
88
What is the sequence to form monocyte from monoblast?
Monoblast >Promonocyte (2 divisions) >Monocyte
89
Monocytes will enter blood, circulate about 8 hours, then enter connective tissue and matures into_____.
Macrophages
90
Megakaryoblast has a large _____ shaped nucleus.
Ovoid/ kidney shaped nucleus.
91
Megakaryocyte is derived from?
Megakaryoblast
92
Platelets are _____ that are shed and extruded into the ciruculation.
Cytoplasmic fragments
