Flashcards in Blood and Hematopoiesis Deck (178)
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1
Blood is a
Connective tissue
2
Total blood volume
~5-6 L or ~8% total body weight
3
-Delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells
-Transport of wastes and CO2 from cells
-Transport of hormones and other regulatory substances
-Maintenance of homeostasis by acting as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
-Protective role via transport of immune cells and immune components
Functions of blood
4
What does blood deliver to cells
O2 and nutrients
5
What does blood transport from cells
Waters and Co2 from cells
6
Acts as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
Maintenance of homeostasis
7
defined as cells in an extracellular matrix
Connective tissue
8
Provide the transportation system for blood through the body.
Heart and blood vessels
9
Acts as a double pump for the system
Heart
10
Provide distribution pathways
Blood vessels
11
Main 3 functions of blood
-Distribution
-Regulation
-Protection
12
absorbs and distributes heat around body; brings it to surface of the skin to cool
Bloods role in thermoregulation
13
blood acts as the reservoir fort the body’s
Alkaline reserve of bicarbonate atoms
14
CO2 carried in blood is transported as
Bicarbonate ions (70%)
15
How does blood prevent blood loss
Coagulation
16
What causes blood clots
platelets and plasma proteins
17
What is blood composed of
-Formed elements
-Plasma
18
Formed elements of blood
-Cells
-Cell fragments
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Where do the formed elements of blood arise from?
Hemtopoietic stem cells
20
Cells in the blood
-Erthryocytes (RBS)
-Leukocytes
21
Are RBC true cells?
NO
22
What are cell fragments
Thrombocytes (plasma)
23
Protein-rich, fluid extracellular matrix
Plasma
24
Volume of packed red blood cells in a sample of blood
Hematocrit
25
How is hematocrit measured?
Centrifuging blood sample and calcutating perfectage of tube volume
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Percentage of tube volume occupied RBCs as compared to whole blood
How hematocrit is measured
27
What is the relative volume of RBC in hematocrit?
45%
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What is the relative volume of Plasma in hematocrit?
55%
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What is the relative volume of buffy coat in hematocrit?
1%
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What is in buffy coat?
Leukocytes and platelets
31
Normal hematocrite in males
39-50%
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What is the normal hematocrite in females
35%-45%
33
What are the components of plasma?
-Water
-Plasma proteins
-Other solutes
34
Give percentages of plasma components
Water- >90
Plasma proteins 7
Other solutes 1
35
What is solvent for a variety of colutes in plasma
Water
36
Helps maintain homeostasis (providing optimal pH and osmolarity)
Water
37
-Albumin
-Globulins
-Fibrinogen
Plasma proteins
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Electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances (i.e., waste materials), nutrients, blood gases, regulatory substances
Solutes in plasma
39
What makes up half of the plasma proteins?
Albumin
40
Where are plasma proteins made?
In the liver
41
Exerts concentration gradient; helps maintain osmotic pressure
Albumin
42
Acts as carrier protein, for substances such as hormones, metabolites, and drugs
Albumin
43
antibodies secreted by plasma cells
Immunoglobulins (γ-globulins)
44
produced by liver; help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins
Nonimmune globins (α- and β-globulins)
45
-Soluble
-Via series of cascade reactions, transformed into insoluble protein fibrin which helps form blot clots
Fibrinogen
46
drop of blood placed directly on slide and spread thinly over surface with edge of another slide
Blood smear
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Produces monolayer of cells
Blood smear
48
Blood smear is air dried and stained with
Wright's stain
49
Mixture of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic), and eosin (acidic)
Wrights stain
50
devoid of typical organelles
Anucleate cells
51
What type of cells are Erythrocytes?
Anucleate cells
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Bind and deliver O2 (99%) to tissues and bind CO2 (30%) to remove from tissues
RBC
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What shape are RBC
Biconcave
54
Diameter of RBC
7.8 um
55
What is important of the shape of a RBC
It maximizes surface area - important for gas exchange
56
Where does production of RBC occur?
Red bone marrow
57
Production of RBC
Erythropoiesis
58
Life span of a RBC
120 days
59
Rate of release of RBC
2 million/sec
60
specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, and releasing O2 and CO2
Hemoglobin
61
-Four polypeptide chains of globin (α, β, δ, γ)
-Four iron-containing heme groups
Structure of hemoglobin
62
What does iron bind to in hemoglobin
One O2 molecule
63
Each hemoglobin protein binds to
4 O2 molecules
64
What is the most common type of hemoglobin composed of?
two α and two β chains
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subclassified into two general groups based upon presence or absence of prominent specific granules within cytoplasm and the shape of their nuclei
Leukocytes
66
Two types of leukocytes
1. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
2. Mononuclear agranulocytes
67
Contain specific granules and have multilobed nuclei; also possess azurophilic granules
Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes
68
What type of WBC are polymorphonuclear granuloctyes
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
69
No specific granules and have rounded nuclei; do contain azurophilic granules
Mononuclear Agranulocytes
70
Types of Mononuclear Agranulocytes
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
71
Types of lymphocytes
-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes
-Natural Killer (NK) cells
72
Most numerous leukocytes
Neutrophils
73
Cytoplasm of neutrophils
Small faint lavender granues
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Granule contents of neutrophils
-Lysozyme (specific granules)
-Peroxidases (azurophilic granules)
75
Nucleus of neutrophils
Darkish, several lobes
76
-First responders to infection
-Acute inflammation
-Phagocytose bacteria within tissues; accumulate as pus
Function of neutrophils
77
Comprise 1%-5% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
78
Cytoplasm of eosinophils
Large coarse acidophillic granules
79
Granule content of eosinophils
-Peroxidase
-Histaminase
-Arylsulfatase
80
Nucleus of Eosinophils
Llight, bilobed
81
Contribute to defense of parasitic infections (major role in defense against helminths (worms))
Eosinophils
82
Associated with allergies; release of histaminase & arylsulfatase moderates potentially harmful effects of inflammatory vasoactive mediators
Eosinophils
83
Chronic inflammation
Eosinophils
84
Least abundant leukocyte
Basophils
85
How his the cytoplasm of basophils?
Large coarse basophilic granules
86
Granule content of basophils
Histamine, serotonin, heparin sulfate
87
How is the nucleus of basophils?
Light, bilobed
88
-Involved in regulating immune response to parasites
-Role in allergies via release of vasoactive agents (e.g. histamine)
Basophils function
89
Comprise 26-28% leukocytes
Lymphocytes
90
Cytoplasm of lymphocytes
Narrow rim of blue cytoplasm
91
Nucleus of lymphocytes
Very dark, takes up all of the cell, round, slightly indented
92
Types of lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes
-B lymphocytes
-Natural Killer (NK) cells
93
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
94
Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
95
Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
96
What are B lymphocytes responsible for?
Production of antibodies
97
Innate immune cells; kill virally infected and malignant cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
98
How is the cytoplasm of monocytes
Gray (foamy) texture
99
How is the nucleus in a monocytes
darkish; large, off-center; oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped
100
Differentiate into macrophages within body tissues
Monocytes
101
serve as phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation
Monocytes as macrophages
102
Large cells within bone marrow
Megakaryocytes
103
Thrombocytes are
Platelets
104
Where are thrombocytes derived from?
Megakaryocytes
105
separate from peripheral margins of megakaryocyte forming thrombocytes (platelets)
Small bits of cytoplasm
106
Lifespan of thrombocyte
10 days
107
Small disc shaped structures
Thrombocytes
108
blot clot formation and repair of tears in blood vessel wall
Thrombocytes (platelets)
109
process of blood cell production and maturation
Hematopoiesis
110
to maintain constant level of the different blood cell types within blood
Purpose of hematopoiesis
111
Hematopoiesis of RBC
Erythropoiesis
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HEmatopoiesis of white blood cells
Leukopoiesis
113
-Granulopoiesis
-Monocytopoiesis
-Lymphopoiesis
Forms of Leukopoiesis
114
Hematopoiesis of platelets
Thrombopoiesis
115
When is hematopoiesis initiated?
Early embryonic development
116
Phases of hematopoiesis
-Yolk- sac phase
-Hepatic phase
-Bone marrow phase
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Hematopoiesis after birth
Red bone marrow
118
The monophyletic theory states that all blood cells are derived from a common
pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
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All blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Monophyletic theory
120
Capable not only of differentiating into all the blood cell lineages, but also capable of self-renewal
Pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
121
What does HSC break into
HSC & Progenitor cells
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In the bone marrow, descendents of the HSC can differentiate into 2 major colonies of mulitpotential progenitor cells:
1. Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
2. Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
123
-Start to get an idea or suggestion of what they will become
Blast cells
124
Cells that have a lot of mitosis
Blast cells
125
Only undergo some mitosis
Stem and progenitor cells
126
Only undergo mitosis to maintain their populations
Stem and progenitor cells
127
Under great mitosis producing only cells on their way to differentiation,
Blast cells
128
Undergo asymmetric mitosis
Stem and progenitor cells
129
Common myeloid progenitor differentiate into lineage-restricted progenitors
-Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte
-Granulocyte/Monocyte
130
Previously called “colony-forming units-granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte” (CFU-GEMM)
Common myeloid progenitor cells
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Previously called “colony-forming units-lymphoid”
Common lymphoid progenitor cells
132
Gives rise to T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells
Common lymphoid progenitor cells
133
Progenitor cells develop into
Precursor cells or blasts
134
Morphological characteristics begin to differentiate
Blast cells
135
Large amount of mitosis – but only produce cells on the way to differentiation
Blast cells
136
The higher the potentiality, the lower the
Mitotic rate
137
The lower the potentiality the higher the
Mitotic rate
138
Process of blood cell production and maturation
Hematopoiesis
139
to maintain constant level of the different blood cell types within blood:
Purpose of hematopoiesis
140
-Large cell (12-20μm); large, spherical nucleus with 1 to 2 nucleoli
-Cytoplasm shows mild basophilia (free ribosomes)
Proerythroblast
141
Development of erythrocytes within bone marrow
Erythropoiesis
142
dark-staining, condensed; inactive
Heterochromatin
143
HSC->CMP->MEP->ErP:
Note
144
-Nucleus 10-16μm in diameter; progressively more heterochromatic
-Cytoplasm strongly basophilic due to large numbers free ribosomes (polyribosomes) that synthesize hemoglobin
Basophilic Erythroblast
145
Free ribosomes that synthesize hemoglobin
Polyribosomes
146
-Cytoplasm displays both acidophilia (hemoglobin) and basophilia (ribosomes),gives overall gray/lilac color
-Nucleus becoming smaller; coarse heterochromatin granules - checkerboard pattern
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
147
-Small, compact, densely stained nucleus
-Eosinophilic cytoplasm (large amount of hemoglobin)
-No longer capable of cell division
Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
148
No longer capable of cell division
Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
149
-No nucleus
-Some polyribosomes still present, impart slight basophilia to eosinophilic cells
-Can be found within bloodstream (1-2% of total RBC count)
Polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)
150
-Granulopoiesis
-Monocytopoiesis
-Lymphopoiesis
Leukopoiesis
151
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Neutrophils
Granulopoiesis
152
-Monocytes
Monocytopoiesis
153
-B cells
-T cells
-NK cells
Lymphopoiesis
154
Can give us progenitor cells for each line; monocytes and all the granulocytes
GMP
155
Originate from common myeloid progenitor which differentiates into granulocyte/monocyte progenitors
Granulocytes and Monocytes
156
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils undergo similar morphologic maturation process:
Granulopoiesis
157
Follow granulopoiesis
myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte
-> (*band cell) -> mature cell
158
HSC -> CLP ---> ---> Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
159
Derived from megakaryocytes via thrombopoiesis:
Thrombocytes (platelets)
160
Follow the formation of thrombocytes
HSC -> CMP -> MEP -> MKP -> Megakaryoblast -> Megakaryocyte -> Platelets
161
Megakaryoblast under goes successive _____ to become a platelet-producing megakaryocyte
Endomitoses
162
50 to 70μm in diameter; complex, multilobed nucleus and scattered azurophilic granules; polyploid cells (64N)
Megakaryocyte
163
Large cell (30μm diameter); nonlobed nucleus
Megakaryoblast
164
Where are megakaryocytes located?
Near sinusoids within bone marrow
165
Megakaryocytes send cytoplasmic extensions that break off as platelets
Platelets
166
Small bits of cytoplasm separated from peripheral regions of megakaryocytes by extensive platelet demarcation channels, lined by
Invaginations of plasma membrane
167
Cytoplasmic fragments partitioned, forming
Individual platelets
168
Represents areas where segmentation of platelets is occurring
"foamy" peripheral cytoplasm
169
Penetrate the sinusoidal endothelium; where platelets will pinch off
Proplatelets
170
Debate either invaginations of plasma membrane considered “fracture lines” for the release of platelets, but now represents a membrane reservoir that facilitates proplatelet elongation.
Platelet Demarcation Membranes
171
Where is bone marrow located?
Within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone
172
What does bone marrow consist of?
Sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries and hematopoietic cords
173
Developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes
Hematopoietic cords
174
Where do hematopoietic cells develop?
In clusters/nests located near sinusoids
175
Send sheetlike extensions into hematopoietic cords --> provide support for developing blood cells; stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells
Adventitial cells (reticular cells)
176
ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes
Bone marrow cellularity
177
Number of hematopoietic cells _______ with age
Decreases
178
