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Blood and Hemopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage is plasma in blood?

A

55%

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2
Q

What percentage is RBC in blood?

A

45%

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3
Q

What percentage is buffy coat in blood?

A

1%

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4
Q

How much water does plasma hold?

A

90%, 7-8% proteins

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5
Q

What kind of glycolysis does RBC use and why?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis, due to lack of mitochondria

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6
Q

What does cytoplasm of RBC hold?

A

Hemoglobin

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7
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin?

A

Carries O2 and CO2

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8
Q

What peripheral membrane protein is in RBC plasma membrane?

A

Spectrin

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9
Q

Role of Spectrin?

A

Stabilizes plasma membrane, maintain cell shape, provides elasticity

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10
Q

What complexes is Spectrin attached to on plasma membrane?

A

4.1 protein complex, ankyrin protein complex

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11
Q

What does 4.1 protein complex contain?

A

Band 4.1 protein, actin, tropomyosin, tropomodulin, adductin

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12
Q

What glycophorin does band 4.1 interact with?

A

Glycophorin C

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13
Q

What does ankyrin protein complex contain?

A

Ankyrin and band 4.2 protein

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14
Q

What protein does ankyrin bind with?

A

Band 3 protein, binds band 3 to spectrin lattice by forming complex with band 4.2 protein

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15
Q

What are the three integral membrane proteins?

A

Glycophorin C, Glycophorin A, Band 3 protein

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16
Q

Glycophorin A contains?

A

Antigenetic sites for determining ABO blood type

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17
Q

Glycophorin C?

A

Plays important role in attaching cytoskeleton lattice to RBC plasma membrane

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18
Q

What is Band 3 protein?

A

Major anion transporter, binds hemoglobin, carries sites for blood group antigens and anchors cytoskeleton proteins.

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19
Q

What is Rouleaux formation in RBC?

A

Coin stacking of RBC due to excess plasma immunoglobulin

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20
Q

What are the granulocytes of WBC?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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21
Q

What are the agranulocytes in WBC?

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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22
Q

Do both granulocytes and agranulocytes hold azurophilic primary granules?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Function of neutrophil?

A

Functions as lysosome with hydrolytic enzymes

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24
Q

What type of granules do neutrophils have?

A

Large primary, small specific, small tertiary

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25
Is neutrophil the most common circulating leukocyte?
Yes, 54-62%
26
What appendage can appear on a neutrophil to help identify the genetic sex?
Barr Body, inactive x chromosome in females
27
What do large primary granules in neutrophils contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes: Myeloperoxidases MPO, Neutrophil defensin, acid hydrolases
28
What do small specific granules in neutrophils contain?
Enzymes, Antimicrobial peptides, membrane proteins
29
What do tertiary granules in neutrophils contain?
Phosphates, Metalloproteinases MNPs (collagenase, gelatinases)
30
Role of Metalloproteinases?
Breakdown extracellular tissue matrix to facilitate neutrophil migration
31
Do small specific granules in neutrophils stain positive for peroxidase?
No, it stains negative peroxidase
32
What is percentage of circulating eosinphils?
1-2%
33
How long do eosinophils circulate in blood?
8-12 hours
34
Eosinophils have large eosinophilic granules that contain what?
Crystalloid body in the middle of granule
35
What do eosinophil crystalloid bodies secrete?
MBP Major basic proteins, most effective in killing parasites/worms
36
What surround the granule in the matrix of crystalloid body?
Eosinophil Peroxidase EPO Eosinophil derived neurotoxin EDN Histamines
37
What do eosinophil small granules function as?
Lysosomes, contain hydrolytic enzymes and acid hydrolases that function in destroying parasites
38
What is eosinophilia?
Increased amount of circulating eosinophils
39
When do eosinophils increase in number?
Parasitic/worm and Helminth infections, allergic reactions
40
Describe process of eosinophils in allergic reaction?
Eosinophils will secrete histaminase, which will neutralize histamine and reduce allergic reactions (reduces mast cell and basophil)
41
Which is the least common leukocyte?
Basophil, 0-1%
42
What do large primary basophilic granules contain?
Heparin and histamine, secrete in response to allergic reaction
43
What do small azurophilic granules in basophils contain?
Lysosomal acid hydrolases
44
What is basophilia?
Increased amount of basophil count in blood
45
Explain how basophils are similar to mast cells?
Both aid in producing allergic reaction with histamines and heparins, also they both have surface receptors for Immunoglobulin E IgE abtibodies
46
Explain basophil allergic reaction process with IgE
First encounter to antigen, the basophils with bind with IgE and produce antibody. Second encounter is when allergic reaction takes place and possible anaphylaxis
47
What is Diapedesis?
Process of a leukocyte squeezing through wall of blood vessel to leave blood and enter damaged tissue area.
48
Explain Diapedesis?
1: cytokine release, interleukin 1 2: endothelial cells secrete selectins E and P 3: neutrophil binds to selectins and starts rolling on endothelial surface 4: pressure exerted causes neutrophils to express Integrins and the endothelial cells produce Integrin ligan ICAM1, these bind together 5: neutrophil stops rolling and is now attached to endothelial cell 6: Neutrophils use actin to put out pseudopodia 7: endothelial junctions are loosened by histamine and heparin secretion by perivascular cells, neutrophils migrate into extracellular CT matrix through these junctions 8: Collagenase secreted by the neutrophil, destroys basement membrane and neutrophil is now functional in extracellular CT matrix as a phagocyte
49
What is percentage of lymphocytes in blood?
30%, second most common
50
What is special about lymphocytes?
Recirculating immunocompetent cells, only cell that can circulate between lymphoid tissue and back into blood
51
Small lymphocytes are most common?
Yes, 90%
52
Medium lymphocytes include?
B lymphocytes, and T lymphocyte
53
Large lymphocytes are called?
NK cells or large granular lymphocytes
54
What are B lymphocytes?
Proliferate in lymph node, produce circulating antibodies
55
What are T lymphocytes?
Differentiate in the thymus, specific cells are known as helper, suppressor, or cytotoxic cells.
56
What is function of large NK cells?
Programmed to kill certain types of transformed cells
57
What do large NK cell granules secrete?
Perforins (pore forming proteins) and Granzymes (Proteinase)
58
What does monocytes cytoplasm contain?
Small azurophilic granules that contain lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes
59
What happens to monocytes during inflammation?
Monocytes will leave postcapillary venule at inflammation site, transform into tissue macrophages and phagocytize bacteria
60
Where are monocytes made?
Bone marrow
61
Where do monocytes go once created?
From bone marrow to body tissue, then differentiate into phagocytes of MPS system
62
Importance of Mononuclear Phagocytic System?
Monocytes differentiate into phagocytes of this system
63
Newly formed monocytes only circulate blood for how long?
3 days
64
Monocytes are antigen presenting cells how?
Involved in immune response by presenting partially degraded cells to T lymphocytes for recognition.
65
Examples of MPS cells
Cells primarily derived from monocyte and denote a population of antigen presenting cells involved in process of foreign bodies, Ex. Osteoclast, monoblast, kupffer cells
66
What is a platelet?
membrane bound cell fragments, formed in bone marrow from cytoplasm of Megakaryocytes
67
What is lifespan of platelets?
10 days
68
Main function of platelets?
Hemostasis
69
Do platelets plasma membrane have a glycocalyx coat?
Yes
70
What are two zones of platelets?
Outer hyalomere, inner granulomere
71
Inner granulomere has four types of electron dense granules?
Alpha, Delta/Dense, Lamda/lysosomes, microperioxisomes
72
What are Alpha granules in platelets?
Most numerous, facilitate blood coagulation and platelet aggregation
73
Alpha granules in platelets contain?
Plasminogen, Plasminogen activation inhibitor, fibrinogen, beta thromboglobulin, platelet derived growth factor, platelet factor 4
74
What do delta/dense granules in platelets contain?
ADP and ATP, seratonin, histamines
75
What do lamda granules in platelets contain?
Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes, functions in clot resorption
76
What do microperoxisomes in platelets contain?
Peroxidases
77
What does the Outer Hyalomere consist of?
Marginal bundle, Open canalicular system, dense tubular system
78
What is the marginal bundle?
Maintains cell shape, by microtubules and microfilaments
79
What is the open canalicular system?
Invaginations of plasma membrane, consists of vesicles connected to invaginations in membrane
80
What is the dense tubular system?
Major calcium storage, consists of vesicles derived from ER of megakaryocytes

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