Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HHP > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides structural and metabolic support to organs and other tissue types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Support, Packing, Storage, Transport, Repair, and Defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Connective tissue is composed of Resident cells, and Wandering cells (transient)

A

Resident Cells- fibroblasts, adipocyte, macrophage, mesenchymal cell, mast cell
Wandering Cells- lymphocytes, plasma cells, eoisinophils, basophils, neutrophils, manocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Major constituent
Composed of Protein fibers (Morphous) such as collagen, elastic, reticular.
Also composed of Ground substances (Amorphous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue

A

Mesenchyme, Mucous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue-regular and irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage, Bone, Adipose Tissue, Blood, Hemopoietic Tissue, Lymphatic Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Embryonic tissue Mesenchyme

A

Contains Elongate spindle shaped cells, loosely organized
Viscous ground substance
Few collagen fibers
Reticular Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mucous Connective Tissue

A

Principal component of umbilical cord
Consists of Wharton’s Jelly, which is rich in hyaluronan
Thin collagen fibers
Therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Loose Connective or Areolar Tissue

A

Thin, sparse collagen fibers, elastic fibers, cells
Used for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from small blood vessels
Most of the cells are migratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Loose Connective or Areolar Tissue

A

the site of inflammatory reactions-primarily between epithelia called lamina propira, also associated with epithelium of glands
surrounds small blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dense connective tissue: two types

A

Dense regular and irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

Mostly bundles of Type 1 Collagen fibers and fibroblasts, they arranged parallel, which provides resistance to prolonged stress
Poorly vascularized-does not repair easily
Found in tensons, ligaments, aponeuroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found in?

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dense irregular Connective Tissue

A

Contains mostly collagen fibers, not as much ground resistance
Bundles of fibers are oriented in various direction, gives resistance to tearing when stretched
Found in reticular layer of dermis, submucosa of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue can be found where?

A

Reticular layer of dermis of skin, submucosa of HI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Resident Cells Connective tissue exhibit what

A

Exhibit little movement, known as permanent residents of the tissue- fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, fixed histocytes, adipocytes, mast cells, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wandering cells

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fibrolblasts

A

Principal cell of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fibroblasts synthesize:

A

Collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, complex carbohydrates of ground substance (GAG, multi-adhesive glycoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fibroblast structure shows

A

morphological variation based on activity level:
Fibroblasts- intense synthetic activity
Fibrocyetes- are quiescent fibroblasts that are scattered in the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Typical fibroblast structure holds

A

Spindle shaped, tapered off in both directions along axis of nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Active Firboblasts

A

Basophilic cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inactive fibroblasts or fibrocytes

A

small cells, heterochromatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Collagen Biosynthesis
Transcription of mRNA in the nucleus: genes for pro-a1 and pro-a2 chains are transcribed
26
translation of collagen biosynthesis is referred to as :
Pre-pro-polypeptide chain Chain travels through rER for post translational modification
27
Post translational modification in rER- three major modifications are made to the pre-pro-polypeptide for it to become pro-collagen
-Signal peptide on the N-terminal is removed -Lysine and proline residues get additional hydroxyl groups added via hydroxylase enzymes, which require Vitamin C as a cofactor -Glycosylation of the hydroxyl groups on lysine with glactose and glucose b
28
Three of the hydroxylated and glycosylated pro-a-chains assemble by:
Twisting into a triple helix by zipper-like folding: Pro-collagen The pro-collagen molecule then moves into the Golgi apparatus: Gets packaged into secretory vesicles: Ready to enter the extracellular space
29
Collagen Biosynthesis- Protein cleavage
enzymes known as collagen peptidases cleave procollagens, molecules becomes Tropocollagen
30
Collagen fibril assembly
Lysine and hydroxylysines, and tropocollagens molecules form covalent bonding between them: collagen fibril
31
Myofibroblasts
implicated in wound contraction: results in wound closure
32
Myofibroblasts do not have external lamina
33
Myofibroblasts are located in
seminiferous tubules of the testis, beneath basal lamina
34
Myofibroblasts show characteristics of both fibroblasts and the smooth muscle cell:
Moderate amount of eER, comparable to fibroblasts Filaments and dense bodies, comparable to smooth muscle cell
35
Macrohphages are also known as
Tissue Histiocytes
36
Macrophages are phagocytic cells derived from
monocytes
37
Macrophages display a large
kidney shaped nucleus
38
Types of macrophages
Classically Activated Macrophages (M1)-which destroy microorganism at site of inflammation Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2)- anti-inflammatory, promote wound repair, secrete multi-adhesive proteins
39
end digestion of macrophages is :
Product is exocytosed, or resist digestion and will remain in the cytoplasm as residual bodies
40
When macrophages encounter large foreign bodies
They may fuse to form a large cell, up to 100 nuclei, these cells are called LANGHAN'S CELLS or foreign body giant cells Ex. of horseshoe nuclear array in tuberculosis
41
Adipose or fat cells originate from
mesenchymal cells
42
adipocytes
specialized to store fat
43
two types of adipose tissue
white adipose tissue (unicellular) brown adipose tissue (multicellular)
44
white adipose tissue
predominant in adults
45
brown adipose tissue
predominant in fetal life postnatally reduces present around internal organs
46
Adipocyte stem cells form preadipocytes
develop within the lateral mesoderm: form white adipocytes and beige adipocytes
47
beige adipocytes
have cytological features and gene expression patterns of both white and brown adipocytes
48
Preadipocytes located in paraxial mesoderm form
brown adipocytes: remain multicellular, mitochondrial metabolism of lipid brown adipocytes releases heat rather than ATP
49
cells functioning as brown adipocytes can also develop from beige adipocytes during:
adaption to cold temperatures
50
White adipose tissue is
unicellular, supplied with blood vessels and nerves lipid drops are not membrane bound
51
White adipose tissue
stores energy insulation and cushioning to vital organs
52
white adipose tissue functions as major endocrine organ and produces:
(AGE) Angiotensionogen-controls blood pressure, frequent complication of obesity Steroids-testosterone, estrogen, glucocorticoids Leptin- polypeptide hormone, targest the hypothalamus, regulates eating behavoir
53
Brown adipose tissue is
uncommon in adult humans, sole purpose is heat generation especially in hibernation, after birth, and during cold stress
54
brown adipocytes in the adult human body, found only around deep structures (kidney)
associated with capillaries, direct sympathetic innervation have many small lipid inclusions (multicellular)
55
mast cells are
large ovoid connective tissue cells, granulated cytoplasm, contain similar cytoplasmic granules (similar to basophils in blood)
56
mast cells arise from
basophil/mast cell progenitors in bone marrow
57
mast cells are a part of
innate immune system
58
mast cells are found in
skin, gut, tissues near blood vessels and nerves
59
mast cells respond to various stimuli and release inflammatory mediators
Histamine and Tryptase
60
mast cells produce 2 categories of inflammatory mediators
Performed mediators and newly synthesized mediators
61
mast cells performed mediators
histamines-make blood vessels leaky, cause edema, increase mucus production serine proteases: Typtase and Chymase- generates angiotesin II in vascular injury, activates MMPs and induces apoptosis Eosinophil adn neutrophil chemotactic factors Heparin
62
mast cells newly synthesized mediators
leukotriene C-product of which cause bronchospasm and recruit eosinophils Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha- major cytokine, produce by mast cells Several interleukins
63
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
found in adult loose connective tissue
64
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells function in
wound healing, development of new blood vessels
65
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells have Pericytes, also called
adventitial cells or perivascular cells, found around capillaries and venules wrapped around capillaries
66
lymphocytes
principally involved in immune responses
67
normally small number are found in all connective tissue
increases dramastically at sites of inflammation most numerous in lamina propria of respiratory and GI tracts
68
lymphocytes are small cells
deeply staining nucleus
69
three types of lymphocytes
B cells-originate in bone marrow, can differentiate into plasma cells, secrete antibodies T cells-originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus, function in cell mediated immunity, naice, effector, memory Natural killer cells or NK cells-destroy virus infected and some tumor cells
70
lymphocytes function in
adaptive immunity
71
Plasma Cells
derived from B lymphocytes, produce antibodies
72
plasma cells distribution
in lamina propria of GI tract, and respiratory tract
73
plasma cells are in lamina propria of
urogenital tract, salivary glands, lymph nodes, hemopoietic tissue
74
plasma cells structure
cytoplasm-strongly basophilic due to high developed rER extensive golgi complex
75
plasma cell structure
nucleus is large, spherical, large clumps of heterochromatin alternated with euchromatin-cartwheel or clock face arrangement prominent nucleolus
76
each PLASMA cell makes large amount of mostly one type of protein
a specific antibody
77
eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
cells rapidly mirgate from blood to connective tissue in response to- injury and inflammation, especially neutrophils followed by monocytes monocytes differentiate into macrophages Structural details of these cells will be done in the secretion on blood
78
extracellular matrix of connective tissue are major constituent of
connective tissue
79
extracellular matrix consists of
protein fibers- collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers Ground substance- proteoglycans, GAGs, multiadhesive glycoproteins such as laminin, and fibronectin
80
collagen fibers
Most important! most abundant fibers of connective tissues appear wavy in LM stain easily with Eosin, and other acidic dyes
81
collagen fibers in TEM
fibers are made up of fine fibrils fibrils exhibit a 68nm banding pattern, due to precipitation to TEM stain
82
collagen breakdown has two types
proteolytic degradation- occurs outside the cell via matrix metalloproteinases MMPs, invasive cancer cells secrete MMPs to break down ECM Phagocytic degradation-macrophages or fibroblasts phagocytize and degrade collagen
83
collagen fiber types
29 types, type I to type XXIX
84
type 1 collagen
most common, occurs in loose and dense connective tissue and bone
85
scurry-vitamin c levels are low
collagen will not be formed properly, not enough collagen, bleeding from gums symptoms
86
osteogenesis imperfecta of collagen type I
mutation of type I collagen gene: repeated fractures after minor trauma, brittle bones, thin skin, abnormal teeth
87
type II collagen present in
cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and firbo Vitreous body of the eye
88
Kniest dysplasia type II collagen
mutation of type II collagen gene- short stature, restricted joint mobility, occular changes leading to blindness, wide metaphyses holes in the cartilage on xray
89
type III collagen
also known as reticular fibers synthesized by fibroblasts in connective tissue, reticular cells in bone marrow, smooth muscle cells
90
ehlers-danlos syndrome 13 different types
mutation of collagen genes, type I, typeIII, type IV, and type V mostly hypermobility of joints of digits (Type III) rupture of vessels and internal organs (type IV)
91
ehlers-danlos syndrome 13 different types
mutation of collagen genes, type I, typeIII, type IV, and type V mostly hypermobility of joints of digits (Type III) rupture of vessels and internal organs (type IV)
92
Type IV collagen
present as meshwork sheets in basal lamina/external lamina synthesized by- epithelial cells, muscle cells, schwann cells
93
Alport Syndrome
hematuria resulting from structural changes in glomerular basement membrane of kidney, progressive hearing loss
94
Type V collagen
present in fibers in dense irregular connective tissue, placenta, blood vessel walls, bone
95
Classic Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
hypermobility of joints of digits, fragile skin, delayed wound healing
96
Type VII collagen
known as anchoring fibrils present in epidermal dermal interface synthesized by fibroblasts
97
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa including kindler syndrome
severe blistering and scarring of the skin after minor trauma, resulting from absence of anchoring fibers
98
elastic fibers
thinner than type I collagen fibers

HHP (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions