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Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cartilage a key tissue in?

A

Fetal development and growing bones

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2
Q

What is the cartilage matrix made of?

A

Chondrocyte cells and an extensive extracellular matrix

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3
Q

What function does the extracellular matrix account for?

A

Resilience in cartilage

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4
Q

How does the chondrocytes obtain their nutrients?

A

Diffusion by ECM, ECM is crucial for survival of chondrocytes

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5
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Mostly collagen fibers, and Ground substance (proteoglycan aggregates)

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6
Q

What is glycosaminoglycan?

A

Complex polysaccharides containing amino groups

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7
Q

What are proteoglycan aggregates?

A

Glycosaminioglycans GAGs, linked to a core protein

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8
Q

Example of glycosaminoglycan?

A

Chondroitin sulfates

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9
Q

Proteoglycan aggregates permit the diffusion of nutritive substances from?

A

Blood vessels in surrounding connective tissue to chondrocytes

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10
Q

What is most of ECM made of?

A

Water

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11
Q

What components of cartilage makes it an excellent shock absorber?

A

Extracellular water, resilient and shock absorber

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12
Q

What component of cartilage binds extracellular water?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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13
Q

Which proteoglycan is primarily present in hyaline cartilage?

A

Aggrecans

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14
Q

Which cartilage has Type 1 collagen?

A

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete?

A

Type II Collagen

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16
Q

What does Hyaline cartilage ECM contain?

A

Type II collagen, proteoglycans in form of aggrecans, multiadhesive proteins

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17
Q

What does Elastic cartilage ECM contain?

A

Elastic fibers, elastic lamellae, type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive proteins

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18
Q

What does Fibrocartilage ECM contain?

A

Type I collagen, Type II collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive proteins

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19
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Type I Collagen

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20
Q

What does type I collagen provide?

A

Tensile strength

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21
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Nose, articular joints, costal cartilage, trachea ring, larynx, bronchi of lung, epiphyseal plate of long bone

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22
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna of ear, epiglottis, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube

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23
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Meniscus, pubic symphasis, intervertebral discs, temperomandibular joint, triangular complex of wrist

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24
Q

Where do chondrocytes live in?

A

Lacunae

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25
Chondrocytes produce what?
Extracellular matrix
26
Chondrocytes are formed in what type of arrangement?
Hexagonal arrangement of fibrils
27
What does type X collagen do?
Organizes fibrils into three dimensional hexagonal lattice
28
What does type XI collagen do?
Regulates fibril size
29
What does type IX collagen do?
Facilitates fibril interaction with matrix proteoglycan
30
Clusters of isogenous groups indicates?
Cells are dividing and increase size of cartilage
31
Multiadhesive glycoproteins are what?
Branches oligosaccharides or Non proteoglycan linked glycoproteins
32
What does multiadhesive glycoproteins do?
Influence the interaction between chondrocytes and matrix molecules
33
Anchorin CII does what?
Helps anchor chondrocytes to the matrix, functions as a collagen receptor on chondrocytes
34
What is clinical value of multiadhesive glycoproteins?
Used as markers to detect cartilage turnover and degeneration
35
Collagen fibrils (15%) provide?
Tensile strength and shape, bind aggrecans and support them, *provides a framework to resist swelling pressure caused by aggrecans
36
Aggrecans (9%) provide?
Bind water molecules with high affinity (60-80% of water)
37
What does a hydrated ECM provide?
Resilience and diffusion of metabolites
38
Functions of type II collagen in hyaline cartilage?
Provides shape, tensile strength, provides framework to resist swelling pressure
39
Hyaline cartilage ECM can undergo calcification and cause what?
Leads to chondrocytic cell death, seen with aging process
40
What characteristics does sulfated ground substance of matrix show?
Basophilia, metachromasia (similar to mast cell), and variable stain intensity- provides info about distribution and relative concentration of sulfated proteoglycans
41
More ground substance in ?
Dark areas of cartilage
42
What is pericellular matrix?
Ring of densely staining matrix around chondrocytes
43
What does pericellular matrix contain?
Highest concentration of proteoglycan hyaluronan and multiadhesive glycoproteins
44
What type of collagen is found in pericellular matrix?
ONLY type VI collagen, anchors chondrocytes to matrix
45
What does territorial matrix contain?
Randomly arranged type II collagen fibrils, lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans than pericellular matrix
46
What does interterritorial matrix contain?
Type II collagen, lowest concentration of proteoglycans
47
Where does type II collagen assemble?
Interterritorial matrix
48
Where does interstitial growth take place?
In isogenous groups of chondrocytes
49
What do active chondrocytes display?
Basophilic cytoplasm (indicating active protein synthesis), lots of golgi and rER
50
What do older chondrocytes display?
Lipid droplets, stores of glycogen
51
What are the functions of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?
Secrete collagens type II, VI, IX, X, and XI, glycosaminolycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins
52
Hyaline cartilage is covered by?
Perichondrium, connective tissue cover
53
What is perichondrium?
Layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage
54
Where is the chondrogenic layer located?
Layer closest to chondrocytes
55
What is perichondrium rich in?
Blood vessels, permits diffusion of nutrients and waste products between perichondrium and cartilage matrix
56
The perichondrium has two layers?
Chondrogenic layer (inner cellular layer) and the outer fibrous layer
57
What is appositional growth?
Chondrogenic layer deposits extracellular layer from the outside
58
What cells are present in the chondrogenic layer?
Progenitor cells
59
Where is perichondrium absent in?
Articular cartilage
60
Articular cartilage is ?
Hyaline cartilage covering articular surface of synovial joints
61
What is Osteoarthritis?
Disease of articular cartilage, ECM is degraded by metalloproteinases
62
What happens when matrix metalloproteinase enzyme activity enhances?
Results in breakdown of proteoglycans and collagen, loss of cartilage, bone on bone contact
63
What does elastic cartilage matrix contain?
Dense network of branching and anastomosing elastic fibers and sheets of elastic material
64
What does elastic material provide?
Cartilage elasticity
65
T or F: Elastic cartilage can undergo calcification?
False
66
What is fibrocartilage?
Combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
67
In fibrocartilage, chondrocytes are dispersed among collagen fibers in?
Single rows or isogenous groups
68
What does fibrocartilage consist of?
Chondrocytes that produce type II collagen, and fibroblasts that produce type I collagen
69
Is fibrocartilage covered with perichondrium?
No
70
What is chondrogenesis?
Process of cartilage formation
71
What is a chondrogenic nodule?
Chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells aggregate into a mass of rounded cells
72
What does expression of transcription factor SOX-9 trigger?
Chondrogenic nodule to differentiate into chondroblasts
73
What do chondroblasts secrete?
Cartilage matrix
74
Where does cartilage arise from in the head region?
Ectomesenchyme, derived from embryonic neural crest cells
75
Chondroblasts move around while?
Matrix is being deposited
76
When completely surrounded by matrix, chondroblasts are called?
Chondrocytes
77
Multiplication of chondrocytes within matrix forms?
Isogenic cell clusters surrounded by territorial matrix
78
Mesenchymal tissue immediately around chondrogenic nodule forms?
Perichondrium
79
What is appositional growth?
New cartilage forms on surface of existing cartilage
80
Where are new cartilage cells derived from?
Inner portion of perichondrium, chondrogenic layer
81
What is interstitial growth?
New cartilage arises from the division of chondrocytes within lacunae
82
What happens with continued matrix secretion of cells?
Cells continue to move farther apart
83
Where does major interstitial growth take place?
Growth plates of bones
84
Why does cartilage repair have limited ability?
Avascularity, immobility of chondrocytes, limited ability of chondrocyte proliferation
85
What cartilage repair complications happen in adults?
New blood vessel formation at site of healing wound, blood vessels stimulate bone formation instead of cartilage repair
86
What is hyaline cartilage calcification?
Calcium phosphate crystals become embedded in the cartilage matrix
87
When does calcification occur?
Growing and adult bones, endochondrial ossification during growth, aging process
88
What happens when cartilage is calcified?
Diffusion is impaired and chondrocytes swell and die. Results in removal of calcified matrix and replaced by bone tissue.
89
Removal of calcified cartilage matrix is done by?
Phagocytes (chondroclasts, osteoclasts)
90
Aggrecan hyaluronan aggregates have what features?
Chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulfate, connected to core protein, all 3 linked to hyaluronan sulfate
91
What best describes hyaline cartilage?
Surrounded by perichondrium, except at articular surfaces
92
A breakdown of nasal cartilage would release primarily which collagen type?
Type II collagen
93
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Annulus Fibrosus
94
Stain intensity differences in an H&E stained hyaline cartilage is attributed to ?
Concentration of GAGs
95
What best describes the cartilage?
Often occurs in the thin plates or sheets

HHP (17 decks)

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