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BMS10 > Blood Cells > Flashcards

Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Volume of blood (adult male)?

A

5.5L

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2
Q

Haemocrit (packed cell volume) in males and females?

A
  1. 47 males

0. 42 females

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3
Q

What is the order of abundance of cells in the blood (with power of 10 per microlitre)?

A

RBC (10^6) most

platelets (10^5)

WBC (10^3) least

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4
Q

Diameter of a red blood cell?

A

7 microns/micrometres

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5
Q

Shape of red blood cell?

A

Biconcave disc

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6
Q

Lifespan of red blood cell?

A

120 days

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7
Q

Do red blood cells respire aerobically or anaerobically?

A

Anaerobically

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8
Q

What organs remove old red blood cells from the blood?

A

Liver, spleen

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9
Q

What are old red blood cells replaced by and at what rate?

A

Erythroid precursor cells

10^10 cells/hour

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10
Q

What is the penultimate precursor of red blood cells, how big are they, what do they contain?

A

Normoblast

8-10 microns/micrometres

Nucleus, haemoglobin, mitochondria and ribosomes

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11
Q

What is the final precursor of a red blood cell and how can they be distinguished?

A

Reticulocyte

Staining with brilliant cresyl blue = remaining RNA forms a blue, reticular precipitate

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12
Q

Shape of platelets?

A

Biconvex disc

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13
Q

Fancy name of platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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14
Q

Size of platelets?

A

2-3 microns/micrometres

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15
Q

What are the main functions of platelets?

A

Haemostasis, maintenance of blood vessels

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16
Q

What is contained in platelet alpha granules?

A

Clotting factors

Platelet factor 4 - chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes, vascular permeability

Platelet-derived growth factor - promote deposition of fibrin

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17
Q

What is contained in platelet dense granules?

A

Serotonin

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18
Q

What is meant by a “granule”?

A

Secretory vesicle

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19
Q

Lifespan of platelets?

A

8-10 days

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20
Q

What is the precursor of platelets? What is the size of this cell and describe its nucleus?

A

Megakaryocyte

50-75 microns/micrometres (giant)

Large irregular nucleus

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21
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell and describe their nuclei?

A

Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear

Agranulocytes - mononuclear

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22
Q

Which white blood cells are in each of the two main divisions? Give their order of abundance

A

Granulocytes: neutrophils (40-70%), eosinophils (1-6%), basophils (<1%)

Agranulocytes: lymphocytes (20-40%), monocytes (2-6%)

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23
Q

What does myeloid mean and what cells does it describe?

A

“Bone marrow derived”

Granulocytes and monocytes and their precursors

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24
Q

What does lymphoid mean and what cells does it describe?

A

Originate in bone marrow and mature in tissues such as the thymus

Lymphocytes and their precursors

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25
Q

Size and nucleus of a neutrophil?

A

12-14 microns/micrometres

Highly lobulated nucleus

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26
Q

What do neutrophil primary granules contain?

A

Antimicrobial agents (MYELOPEROXIDASE, defensins, proteases, acid hydrolases)

27
Q

What do neutrophil secondary granules contain?

A

Antimicrobial agents (lysozyme, lactoferrin)

Complement activators

Collagenase

NADPH OXIDASE

28
Q

What do neutrophil tertiary granules contain and what might they do?

A

Enzymes (like gelatinase)

May insert adhesion proteins into membrane

29
Q

What do neutrophil secretory granules contain?

A

Membrane-associated receptors

30
Q

Why do neutrophils contain a lot of glycogen?

A

Rely on glycolysis (and hexose monophosphate pathway) for energy

31
Q

Describe the function of neutrophils

A

Highly phagocytic and motile

Receptors for bacterial polysaccharides, complement factors and Fc portion of antibodies for tethering

32
Q

How do neutrophils carry out their function?

A

Engulf

Primary and secondary granules fuse with phagosome

Hydrolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species generated by a “respiratory burst” involving NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase kills engulfed microorganism

33
Q

Lifespans of neutrophils?

A

In circulation - 5-90 hours

In tissues - 1-2 days

34
Q

Size and nucleus of an eosinophil?

A

12-17 microns/micrometres

Bilobed nucleus

35
Q

What do eosinophil primary granules contain?

A

Lysosomal enzymes

36
Q

What do eosinophil secondary granules contain? What do these look like?

A

Cytotoxic and highly basic proteins: major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)

Histaminase (regulate allergic reactions)

Arylsulphatase (breaks down leukotrienes)

Collagenase, cathepsins

Large, oval, striped

37
Q

Describe the role of eosinophils

A

Phagocytic and cytotoxic

Destruction of parasites

Initiate and maintain inflammatory responses

Secondary granules contents (esp MBP, ECP) activate mast cells and basophils

38
Q

Lifespan of eosinophils?

A

In circulation - 8-12 hours

In tissue (GI tract or inflammation sites) - several days

39
Q

Size and nucleus of a basophil?

A

14-16 microns/micrometres

Bilobed nucleus

40
Q

What do basophil specific granules contain and what are the functions of these substances?

A

Heparin + chondroitin sulphate (anticoagulant)

Histamine (vasodilation)

41
Q

What do basophils release when stimulated? (Not granules)

A

Lipid mediators (eg leukotrienes)

Cytokines (ECF to attract eosinophils)

42
Q

What do mast cells and basophils have receptors for?

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

43
Q

Size and nucleus of a monocyte?

A

Up to 20 microns/micrometres (largest WBC)

Horseshoe/kidney-shaped nucleus

44
Q

Lifespan of a monocyte?

A

In circulation - 2 days

In tissues (as macrophage) - months/years

45
Q

What are the functions of monocytes (macrophages in tissues)?

A

Defends against microorganisms

Removes cell debris

Antigen presentation to T cells

Cytokine secretion

46
Q

Size and nucleus of a small lymphocyte?

A

6-9 microns/micrometres

Condensed nucleus occupies 90% of cell

47
Q

What types of T-cells are there, what receptors do they have and what are their functions?

A

T helper - CD4 receptor; secrete cytokines to “help” other lymphocytes

T cytotoxic - CD8; kill virus-infected cells

48
Q

Size of a large lymphocyte?

A

(Mostly activated B cells)

9-15 microns/micrometres

49
Q

Give an example of a type of large lymphocyte

A

Natural killer cells - kill virus-infected cells or tumour cells without specific antigens

50
Q

Define haematopoiesis

A

Process by which mature blood cells are generated from precursor cells

51
Q

Where does haematopoiesis begin? (2-2.5 weeks i.u.)

A

“Blood islands” in extraembryonic tissue

52
Q

What is different about early red blood cells?

A

Nucleated

53
Q

Where does haematopoiesis move to? (5 weeks i.u.)

A

Liver then spleen

54
Q

When do red blood cells gain adult form?

A

5 weeks i.u.

55
Q

When does haematopoiesis move to the bone marrow?

A

4-5 months i.u.

56
Q

What is the structure of a sinusoid and what does it drain into?

A

50-70 microns/micrometres

Lined by endothelium

Drain to central vein

57
Q

Where do haematopoietic compartments lie?

A

Outside endothelium lining sinusoids

58
Q

All blood cells originate from…

A

A common pluripotent stem cell (slow dividing)

59
Q

Give an example of a haematopoietic growth factor

A

Erythropoietin - stimulates RBC production; usually produced by kidneys

60
Q

What do the earliest progenitor cells depend on? What do the pluripotent stem cells also require?

A

Interleukin-3 (IL-3)

Stem cell factor (steel factor) expressed on surface of stromal cells of bone marrow

61
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Aqueous solution of salts, nutrients and plasma proteins

62
Q

What kind of pressure do plasma proteins exert?

A

Oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure

63
Q

What are the plasma proteins and what are their functions?

A

Albumins: (major fraction) bind and increase solubility if many otherwise poorly-soluble substances

Globulins: include immunoglobulins

Fibrinogen: precursor of fibrin (important for blood clotting)

BMS10 (13 decks)

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