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Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central compartment of the thorax between the pleural cavities

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2
Q

Where is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Sternal angle/manubriosternal joint anteriorly

T4/T5 posteriorly

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3
Q

What divides the inferior mediastinum into anterior, middle and posterior?

A

Pericardial sac

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4
Q

Where is the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Under transverse thoracic plane

Behind sternum

In front of pericardium

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5
Q

Where is the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Under transverse thoracic plane

Behind pericardium

In front of vertebrae T5 to T12

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6
Q

What is contained in the superior mediastinum? (9)

A

Aortic arch

Brachiocephalic veins –> upper half of superior vena cava

Sympathetic chain

Vagus and phrenic nerves

Trachea

Oesophagus

Thoracic duct

Thymus (remnant)

Lymph nodes

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7
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

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8
Q

Which veins come together to form the brachiocephalic veins?

A

Internal jugular vein

Subclavian vein

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9
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

T1-L2

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10
Q

What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

CNX

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11
Q

Where in the superior mediastinum are the brachiocephalic veins?

A

Anterior

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12
Q

Where does the vagus nerve run?

A

Carotid sheath - vagus, common carotid, internal jugular

Behind root of lung

More medially than phrenic

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13
Q

Where and what is the cardiac plexus?

A

Arch of aorta

Autonomic innervation to heart

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14
Q

What is the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Branches off vagus

Swoops beneath aorta and back up to larynx

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15
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3, 4, 5

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16
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

What happens to the trachea at the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Bifocates into bronchi

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18
Q

What hugs the oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerves

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19
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body

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20
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate?

A

Brainstem

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21
Q

What is contained in the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Thymus (remnant)

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22
Q

What is contained in the middle inferior mediastinum?

A

Pericardium and heart

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23
Q

What is contained in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Descending aorta

Primary bronchi

Oesophagus

Azygos vein system

Thoracic duct

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24
Q

What structures are anterior in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Descending aorta

Primary bronchi

Oesophagus

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25
What structures are posterior in the posterior inferior mediastinum?
Azygos vein system Thoracic duct
26
On what side of the vertebral column is the descending aorta?
Left
27
At what level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
T8
28
At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10 (muscular component)
29
At what level does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
30
What are the branches of the descending aorta?
Posterior intercostal arteries from T3 downwards Left bronchial artery
31
What does the right bronchial artery branch off?
Third posterior intercostal artery
32
What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?
Right common carotid Right subclavian
33
What branches from the right subclavian artery?
1. Right internal thoracic artery Branches into anterior intercostals and pericardiophrenic artery 2. Costocervical trunk
34
Where does the right internal thoracic artery run?
Directly behind sternum
35
What does the pericardiophrenic artery supply?
Pericardium Diaphragm
36
What does the costocervical trunk supply?
Branches for T1 and T2 intercostals
37
Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm in relation to the aorta?
Antero-superiorly
38
What do the right posterior intercostal veins drain into?
Azygos vein
39
What side of the vertebral bodies does the azygos vein run?
Right
40
What do the left posterior intercostal veins drain into?
Accessory hemiazygos vein Hemiazygos vein
41
What side of the vertebral bodies do the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos veins run?
Left
42
Where does the azygos vein drain?
Upward and over the root of the right lung into the superior vena cava
43
What do the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos veins drain into?
Azygos vein (branch across vertebral column)
44
What do the anterior intercostal veins drain into?
Internal thoracic vein
45
What does the internal thoracic vein drain into?
Subclavian vein
46
What does the thoracic duct do?
Collects lymph from lower limbs and intestines
47
What is the cysterna chyli?
Dilated sac at lower end of thoracic duct All fluid from below diaphragm passes through
48
What is the path of the thoracic duct?
Runs superiorly between oesophagus and descending aorta Crosses right to left at T4/T5 lying between azygos vein and aorta
49
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Venous system where left internal jugular and left subclavian meet
50
What drains the tissue fluid of the right arm, head and neck?
Right lymphatic duct
51
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Venous system where right internal jugular and right subclavian meet
52
From which rami do the intercostal nerves originate?
Anterior
53
Which rami leads to the sympathetic chain?
White
54
Which rami leads away from the sympathetic chain?
Grey
55
What protects the intercostal nerves?
Intercostal groove
56
Where is the lateral horn?
T1-L2 Grey matter of spinal cord (Intermediolateral column)
57
What does the sympathetic chain contain?
POSTganglionic sympathetic cell bodies
58
Where are sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?
Lateral horn
59
What is the function of sympathetic stimulation in the lungs?
Bronchodilation Vasoconstriction
60
What is the function of the sympathetic stimulation in the heart?
Increase heart rate Increase contractility

BMS10 (13 decks)

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