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BMS10 > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central compartment of the thorax between the pleural cavities

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2
Q

Where is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Sternal angle/manubriosternal joint anteriorly

T4/T5 posteriorly

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3
Q

What divides the inferior mediastinum into anterior, middle and posterior?

A

Pericardial sac

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4
Q

Where is the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Under transverse thoracic plane

Behind sternum

In front of pericardium

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5
Q

Where is the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Under transverse thoracic plane

Behind pericardium

In front of vertebrae T5 to T12

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6
Q

What is contained in the superior mediastinum? (9)

A

Aortic arch

Brachiocephalic veins –> upper half of superior vena cava

Sympathetic chain

Vagus and phrenic nerves

Trachea

Oesophagus

Thoracic duct

Thymus (remnant)

Lymph nodes

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7
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

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8
Q

Which veins come together to form the brachiocephalic veins?

A

Internal jugular vein

Subclavian vein

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9
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

T1-L2

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10
Q

What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

CNX

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11
Q

Where in the superior mediastinum are the brachiocephalic veins?

A

Anterior

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12
Q

Where does the vagus nerve run?

A

Carotid sheath - vagus, common carotid, internal jugular

Behind root of lung

More medially than phrenic

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13
Q

Where and what is the cardiac plexus?

A

Arch of aorta

Autonomic innervation to heart

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14
Q

What is the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Branches off vagus

Swoops beneath aorta and back up to larynx

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15
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3, 4, 5

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16
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

What happens to the trachea at the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Bifocates into bronchi

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18
Q

What hugs the oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerves

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19
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body

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20
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate?

A

Brainstem

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21
Q

What is contained in the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Thymus (remnant)

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22
Q

What is contained in the middle inferior mediastinum?

A

Pericardium and heart

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23
Q

What is contained in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Descending aorta

Primary bronchi

Oesophagus

Azygos vein system

Thoracic duct

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24
Q

What structures are anterior in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Descending aorta

Primary bronchi

Oesophagus

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25
Q

What structures are posterior in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Azygos vein system

Thoracic duct

26
Q

On what side of the vertebral column is the descending aorta?

A

Left

27
Q

At what level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

28
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10 (muscular component)

29
Q

At what level does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

30
Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries from T3 downwards

Left bronchial artery

31
Q

What does the right bronchial artery branch off?

A

Third posterior intercostal artery

32
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?

A

Right common carotid

Right subclavian

33
Q

What branches from the right subclavian artery?

A
  1. Right internal thoracic artery

Branches into anterior intercostals and pericardiophrenic artery

  1. Costocervical trunk
34
Q

Where does the right internal thoracic artery run?

A

Directly behind sternum

35
Q

What does the pericardiophrenic artery supply?

A

Pericardium

Diaphragm

36
Q

What does the costocervical trunk supply?

A

Branches for T1 and T2 intercostals

37
Q

Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm in relation to the aorta?

A

Antero-superiorly

38
Q

What do the right posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Azygos vein

39
Q

What side of the vertebral bodies does the azygos vein run?

A

Right

40
Q

What do the left posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein

Hemiazygos vein

41
Q

What side of the vertebral bodies do the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos veins run?

A

Left

42
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain?

A

Upward and over the root of the right lung into the superior vena cava

43
Q

What do the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos veins drain into?

A

Azygos vein (branch across vertebral column)

44
Q

What do the anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Internal thoracic vein

45
Q

What does the internal thoracic vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

46
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

Collects lymph from lower limbs and intestines

47
Q

What is the cysterna chyli?

A

Dilated sac at lower end of thoracic duct

All fluid from below diaphragm passes through

48
Q

What is the path of the thoracic duct?

A

Runs superiorly between oesophagus and descending aorta

Crosses right to left at T4/T5 lying between azygos vein and aorta

49
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Venous system where left internal jugular and left subclavian meet

50
Q

What drains the tissue fluid of the right arm, head and neck?

A

Right lymphatic duct

51
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Venous system where right internal jugular and right subclavian meet

52
Q

From which rami do the intercostal nerves originate?

A

Anterior

53
Q

Which rami leads to the sympathetic chain?

A

White

54
Q

Which rami leads away from the sympathetic chain?

A

Grey

55
Q

What protects the intercostal nerves?

A

Intercostal groove

56
Q

Where is the lateral horn?

A

T1-L2

Grey matter of spinal cord

(Intermediolateral column)

57
Q

What does the sympathetic chain contain?

A

POSTganglionic sympathetic cell bodies

58
Q

Where are sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

A

Lateral horn

59
Q

What is the function of sympathetic stimulation in the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

Vasoconstriction

60
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic stimulation in the heart?

A

Increase heart rate

Increase contractility

BMS10 (13 decks)

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