Heart

Question 1

Where is the heart found?

Answer 1

Mediastinum in the pericardium

Question 2

Where is the mediastinum?

Answer 2

Between the pleural cavities

Question 3

What features of the left lung allow the heart to fit?

Answer 3

Cardiac notch

Lingula

Question 4

Where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 4

5th intercostal space, left of sternum

Question 5

What is the path of blood flow into the right ventricle (systemically)?

Answer 5

Internal jugular and subclavian join to form brachiocephalic (L & R)

Brachiocephalic veins join to form superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava drains abdomen and lower limbs

Coronary sinus

All of these go into the right atrium and then blood moves through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle

Question 6

How many vessels enter the left atrium and what are they called?

Answer 6

Two pairs

Pulmonary veins

Question 7

What valve is between the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 7

Mitral valve

Question 8

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 8

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

Question 9

What do valves do?

Answer 9

Prevent backflow of blood

Question 10

What are the shapes of the atrioventricular valves described as?

Answer 10

Parachute-shaped

Question 11

When are the atrioventricular valves shut?

Answer 11

Ventricular systole

Question 12

When are the semilunar valves open?

Answer 12

Ventricular systole

Question 13

How many cusps do each of the atrioventricular valves have?

Answer 13

Tricuspid - 3

Mitral - 2

Question 14

What do papillary muscles do?

Answer 14

Hold chordae tendineae taut so atrioventricular valves do not prolapse

Question 15

Where are papillary muscles found?

Answer 15

Ventricles

Question 16

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the mitral valve?

Answer 17

5th intercostal space, left of sternum (apex)

Question 18

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 18

5th intercostal space, just left of sternum

Question 19

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 19

2nd intercostal space, left of sternum

Question 20

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the aortic valve?

Answer 20

2nd intercostal space, right of sternum

Question 21

When emerging from the heart/ventricles, which artery is anterior?

Answer 21

Pulmonary

Question 22

Where is the right auricle?

Answer 22

Covers right atrium and hugs aorta

Question 23

Where are pectinate muscles found?

Answer 23

Atria (less so in the left atrium)

Question 24

What do pectinate muscles do?

Answer 24

Aid atrial systole

Question 25

What is the fossa ovalis and where is it found?

Answer 25

Remnant of the developmental foramen ovale Thumb-like depression in inter-atrial septum

Question 26

What is trabeculae carnae and where is it found?

Answer 26

Meaty muscles partially lining ventricle walls

Question 27

What is the ligamentum arteriosum and where is it found?

Answer 27

Remnant of ductus arteriosis Between pulmonary artery and aortic arch

Question 28

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart?

Answer 28

Coronary arteries

Question 29

Where do coronary arteries arise?

Answer 29

Aortic sinuses, just superior to aortic valve

Question 30

What does the right coronary artery “pass through”?

Answer 30

Right atrioventricular groove

Question 31

What are the three branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 31

Nodal branch Right marginal branch Posterior interventricular branch

Question 32

What does the nodal branch supply?

Answer 32

Conducting system of heart (SAN and AVN)

Question 33

What would happen if the nodal branch was blocked?

Answer 33

Heart would not beat

Question 34

What makes a heart “right dominant”?

Answer 34

Blood supply for nodes comes from right coronary artery

Question 35

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 35

Anterior interventricular branch Circumflex branch Left marginal branch

Question 36

What is another name for the anterior interventricular branch?

Answer 36

Left anterior descending

Question 37

What does the anterior interventricular branch supply?

Answer 37

Left ventricle

Question 38

Where does the circumflex branch go?

Answer 38

Curves under left auricle to posterior of heart

Question 39

Describe the venous drainage system of the heart

Answer 39

Great, middle and small cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus into the right atrium

Question 40

Where does the coronary sinus run?

Answer 40

Posteriorly between atria and ventricles

Question 41

Where does the great cardiac vein run?

Answer 41

With left anterior interventricular branch

Question 42

Where does the middle cardiac vein run?

Answer 42

In posterior interventricular groove

Question 43

Where does the small cardiac vein run?

Answer 43

With right marginal artery

Question 44

What is the cardiac skeleton and its functions?

Answer 44

Fibrous connective tissue - allows sequential contraction (insulates) - fibrous rings anchor valve cusps - points of insertion of bundles of heart muscle

Question 45

Where is the sinoatrial node found?

Answer 45

Right atrium

Question 46

Where is the atrioventricular node found?

Answer 46

Atrial side of cardiac skeleton

Question 47

What does the sinoatrial node do?

Answer 47

Releases spontaneous electrical stimuli at a regular rate

Question 48

Describe the conduction of electrical stimuli through the heart

Answer 48

Generated spontaneously by SAN Travels down walls of atria and converges on AVN After a short delay, signal passes down bundle of His in interventricular septum Then along Purkinje fibres Ventricles contract bottom-up

Question 49

What are the layers of the pericardial sac?

Answer 49

Visceral pericardium/epicardium (serous) Parietal pericardium (serous) Fibrous pericardium

Question 50

What is a difference between the pericardium and pleura?

Answer 50

No negative pressure in pericardium

Question 51

What is the space between the serous pericardium layers called?

Answer 51

Pericardial cavity

Question 52

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 52

Restrictive capsule of heart

Question 53

What is the pericardial sac attached to?

Answer 53

Central tendon of diaphragm Sternum

Question 54

What are the functions of the pericardial sac?

Answer 54

Anchor Prevent overfilling Protection Lubrication