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Blood Coagulation & Wound Healing Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What do platelets secrete after sticking to collagen in a release reaction?

A

ADP, serotonin and thromboxane A

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2
Q

The formation of carboxyglutamate is formed by a _____-dependent enzyme (protein carboxylase)

A

vitamin K

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3
Q

What is primary hemostasis?

A

the vasoconstriction and platelet response

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4
Q

What do PGH2 and prostacyclin synthetase produce?

A

prostacyclin (PGI2) to PGF (by endothelial cells)

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5
Q

Fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an _____ .

A

insoluble clot

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6
Q

Which regulatory element is activated by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin then degrades factors VIIIa and Va?

A

Protein C

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7
Q

What causes a bruise?

A

the accumulation of blood from a broken vessel

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8
Q

Platelets stick to ____ and undergo a ____.

A

collagen; release reaction

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9
Q

When bound to the fibrin clot, plasminogen _____, which then allows it to be converted into active plasmin.

A

changes conformation

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10
Q

What is the purpose of von Willebrand factor?

A

it is associated with subendothelial connective tissue; it serves as a bridge between platelet, glycoprotein GPIb/IX and collagen

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11
Q

Platelets _____ and pump their alpha and dense granules into the area.

A

de-granulate

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12
Q

Fibrin generation occurs ______ to platelet aggregation.

A

simultaneously

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13
Q

What are some adhesion molecules?

A

von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, integrin, fibronectin

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14
Q

Which signaling molecules cause platelets to undergo platelet release reaction?

A

ADP and thromboxane A2

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15
Q

What are stored in/secreted by dense granules?

A

ADP/ATP, serotonin, Ca++, epinephrine, and histamine

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16
Q

Vitamin K is part of the ____ family structure.

A

quinone

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17
Q

Which factor stabilizes the fibrin clot by facilitating cross-linking?

A

Factor XIII

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18
Q

___ and ___ are not enough in conditions of high shear.

A

GPIb; GPIa

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19
Q

Coagulation factors are generally _____ which act by cleaving downstream proteins.

A

serine proteases

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20
Q

Fibrinogen is _____ into fibrin.

A

cleaved

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21
Q

This factor is activated by thrombin in presence of calcium. It stabilizes the fibrin clot by covalent cross-linking.

A

Factor XIII

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22
Q

In a resting platelet, is GPIIb/IIIa active?

A

NO

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23
Q

Protein C is activated to Protein ___ by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin.

A

Ca

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24
Q

Coagulation factors circulate as ______.

A

inactive zymogens

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25
____ acts as a cofactor to Protein C.
Protein S
26
Plasmin ____ the fibrin polymer down into much smaller molecules to be handled by the body.
degrades
27
Which pathway is faster? Extrinsic or intrinsic?
extrinsic pathway
28
Cross-linking of fibrin is catalyzed by ____ or ____.
transglutaminase or factor XIII
29
Which factors are not cleaved by serine proteases?
V, VIII, XIII
30
Which factor(s) are cleaved by transglutaminase?
XIII
31
What are the regulatory elements of the clotting cascade?
von Willebrand factor, protein C, protein S, thrombomodulin, antithrombin III
32
Which signaling molecules attract platelets?
ADP and thromboxane A2
33
What regulatory element serves as a connector between platelets, GPIb/IX and collagen?
von Willebrand factor
34
What is the extrinsic clotting cascade triggered by?
activated by external trauma
35
This factor binds to exposed collagen at site of vessel wall injury.
Factor XII
36
What is fibronectin's role in late repair events?
cell adhesion; essential role in granulation tissue organization; correct assembly of extracellular matrix
37
Firm adhesion of platelets to the subendothelia is mediated by a glycoprotein called _____.
GPIIb/IIIa
38
The addition of _____ causes a lag before ADP can be secreted by the platelets to cause aggregation.
collagen
39
Kallikrein is released by ____ cells.
endothelial
40
What factor(s) are cleaved by glycoproteins?
V, VIII
41
Do the extrinsic and intrinsic cascades activate the common pathway (X, thrombin, fibrin)?
YES
42
___ activates Protein C when bound to thrombin on the surface of endothelial cells.
Thrombomodulin
43
Activated GPIIb/IIIa binds to vWF at the _____ to promote strong adhesion to vessel wall (primary aggregation).
subendothelial surface
44
What kind of platelets stick to injury site?
activated platelets
45
This factor is activated on the surface of activated platelets by tenase complex and by Factor VIIa (w/ tissue factor and calcium)
Factor X
46
What is platelet aggregation at the site of injury mediated by?
platelet receptors, platelet-derived agonists, platelet-derived adhesive proteins & plasma-derived adhesive proteins
47
Arachidonic acid is converted into PGG2, PGH2 (endoperoxides) by which enzyme?
cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin synthase
48
A complex of ___ and ___ is what allows specific interactions with membrane lipids that ultimately lead to the recognizable protein structures in the clotting cascade.
calcium and carboxyglutamte (glu-factors)
49
Which factor lays down the fibrin mesh to further strengthen the blood clot?
Factor XIII (13)
50
___, when supplied directly, causes faster aggregation.
ADP
51
The molecule ___ causes the de-clotting process or clot dissolution.
plasmin
52
Factor ___ is a subendothelial cell-surface glycoprotein that acts as a cofactor for factor VII.
Factor III (tissue factor)
53
Which regulatory element is the most important coagulation inhibitor?
Antithrombin III
54
What are two examples of aggregating agents?
collagen and ADP
55
What does secondary hemostasis consist of?
A cascade of coagulation serine proteases that culminates from cleavage of soluble fibrinogen by thrombin
56
Which factor is activated by factor XIIa?
Factor XI
57
When GPIIb/IIIa binds to fibrinogen, it plays a role in _____ interactions.
platelet-platelet
58
The initial binding of platelets to von Willenbrand factor is mediated by ______ that are loosely bound (do not promote strong adhesion).
glycoproteins
59
This factor is activated by thrombin in the presence of calcium.
Factor VII
60
Factor ____ is activated by thrombin. It is a cofactor in the activation of factor X by IXa.
Factor VIII
61
Plasminogen is activated by ____.
factors XIa, XIIa, Kallikrein
62
Which factors are vitamin K-dependent?
IX (intrinsic); VII (extrinsic); X, II (common)
63
Fibrin cross-linking is joined by creating a ___ bond.
C-NH-C (isopeptide bond)
64
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
65
What factor does the extrinsic pathway involve?
Factor VII
66
GPIIb/IIIa integrins on resting platelets bind _____ to its ligands (vWF or fibrinogen).
poorly
67
Fibronectin can be found in the ___ and ___.
plasma; body cells
68
Which factor is activated on surface of activated platelets by prothrombinase complex?
Factor II (prothrombin)
69
Why is vasoconstriction important in hemostasis?
vasoconstriction limits blood flow to form a sticky plug
70
What is the synthesis pathway of serotonin?
tryptophan > (tryptophan hydroxylase) > 5-HTP > (aromatic AA decarboxylase) > serotonin 5-HT
71
End-to-end cross-linking connects two domains on ___ fibrin.
the same
72
Which factor is activated by thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of prothrombin in its "a" form?
Factor V
73
Which factor is cleaved by thrombin to form a fibrin clot?
Factor I (fibrinogen)
74
Which signaling molecules cause vasoconstriction?
serotonin and thromboxane A2
75
Which factors contain carboxyglutamate?
thrombin, VII, IX, and X
76
In what cells is serotonin made?
enterochromatin cells
77
Transverse cross-linking connects two ___ domains of fibrin.
opposite
78
What is the intrinsic factor activated by?
activated by trauma inside the vascular system; activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals or collagen
79
Which is a soluble plasma protein: fibrin or fibrinogen?
fibrinogen
80
Antithrombin controls the activities of ____.
thrombin and factors IXa, Xa, XIa, and XIIa
81
What factors does the common pathway involve?
I, II, V, X
82
What causes blood vessels to spasm?
when platelets secrete serotonin
83
What is fibronectin's role in the plasma?
stabilizes fibrin clot; platelet adhesion, platelet spreading, platelet aggregation
84
A _____ blood vessel triggers the release of clotting factors.
damaged
85
Thrombin cleavage generates ______ that forms a cross-linked fibrin mesh at the site of injury.
insoluble fibrin
86
Which clotting factor to platelets and damaged tissue release?
Factor VIII
87
What do PGG2 and thromboxane synthetase produce?
thromboxane A2 to thromboxane B2
88
What is secondary hemostasis?
the clotting cascade
89
_____ has a high affinity for calcium ions.
Carboxyglutamate (Glu)
90
Which factor is activated by factor XIa in the presence of calcium?
Factor IX
91
Upon the activation of platelets, GPIIb/IIIa undergoes a _____ that reveals a previously-hidden binding site for _____.
conformational change; vWF or fibrinogen
92
What is the process of blood clotting?
injury or damage > vessel constriction > platelet plug forms > fibrin clot forms
93
Plasmin is activated by ______.
plasminogen
94
What factors does the intrinsic pathway involve?
XII, XI, IX, VIII
95
tPA, uPA, kallikrein, and factor XII all activate ____.
plasminogen, to later form activated plasmin
96
Which factor is activated by Kallikrein or Kininogen?
XII
97
Which factors are cofactors?
VIII, V, III (tissue factor)
98
An ______ can record the aggregation of platelets in platelet-rich plasma in response to an aggregating agent.
aggregometer

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