Development

Question 1

Cells close to the inducing cells will receive a high concentration of ligands and will be ____.

Answer 1

reprogrammed (then can become inducing cells as well)

Question 2

The regions where neural crest cells migrate out to are referred to as ____.

Answer 2

rhombomeres (R1-R8)

Question 3

What’s the model of development?

Answer 3

every species begins using the same few basic themes with few variations to form complex structures

Question 4

Inductive signaling starts at _____, where the inducers of signaling originate.

Answer 4

starting points (can be a single cell or cluster of cells)

Question 5

Factors are secreted by a cluster of cells to send out an ____.

Answer 5

inductive signal

Question 6

___ are like bacterial genes in that they are located far apart and express sequentially.

Answer 6

Hox genes

Question 7

During which point of fetal development would you accept a cleft palate and cleft lip to form?

Answer 7

between 4 and 7 weeks and 6 and 9 weeks

Question 8

The sclerotome gives rise to ____.

Answer 8

ribs, vertebrae, base of skull, facial muscles

Question 9

What are the 4 essential processes by which an embryo is constructed?

Answer 9

cell proliferation
cell specialization/differentiation
cell interaction
cell movement

Question 10

Drosphila has __ Hox complexes; there are __ mammalian Hox complexes.

Answer 10

2 main; 4

Question 11

___ is the stage of embryonic development where cells begin to form specialized structures.

Answer 11

Differentiation

Question 12

What is the Hox patterning of the forelimb and hindlimb?

Answer 12

stylopod (femur)&raquo_space; zeuopod (tibia)&raquo_space; autopod (toes)

Question 13

What are universal mechanisms of animal development?

Answer 13

common roots across all species, developmentally function the same

Question 14

The epithelial somites give rise to ___ and ___.

Answer 14

dermamyotome; sclerotome

Question 15

Hox genes are ____ expressed.

Answer 15

sequentially

Question 16

Can proteins be substituted across species?

Answer 16

YES

Question 17

Which genes in the hierarchical control can regulate themselves?

Answer 17

gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes, (coordinate genes?)

Question 18

____ is when cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers through gastrulation.

Answer 18

Patterning

Question 19

What is the organizing center of gastrulation?

Answer 19

Hensen’s node

Question 20

The Hox complex carries a permanent record of ____.

Answer 20

positional information

Question 21

Do the universal mechanisms of development apply to invertebrates?

Answer 21

YES

Question 22

Patterning needs to occur in these 3 dimensions:

Answer 22

anterior-posterior
dorsal-ventral
proximal-distal

Question 23

What is it called when more divided cells are formed and have identical functions as the parental cell?

Answer 23

growth

Question 24

The regulatory DNA that modulates expression defines ____.

Answer 24

development

Question 25

Are all homeobox genes part of the Hox complex?

Answer 25

NO; the Hox complex includes only the homeobox genes clustered together

Question 26

What is the replacement of one body part with another called?

Answer 26

homeosis

Question 27

What are the 3 key layers produced from gastrulation?

Answer 27

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 28

What are the 3 types of signals being aimed at the dermamyotome and sclerotome?

Answer 28

ventralizing signal dorsalizing signal lateralizing signal

Question 29

____ eventually leads to a grouping of cells with slightly different functions.

Answer 29

Sequential induction

Question 30

Hierarchical gene control genes are important in ____.

Answer 30

early embryonic development

Question 31

The segment in the DNA sequence is called a homeobox, which is the ____.

Answer 31

Hox complex

Question 32

____ means that once cells are committed to becoming a certain structure, they will still become what they were destined to be.

Answer 32

Regional determination

Question 33

What would you expect to be the root issue of malformed craniofacial structures that originated during development?

Answer 33

lack of or reduced amounts of migration/differentiation of neural crest cells (i.e. cleft palate)

Question 34

Drosphila homeotic genes are regulatory proteins and contain a ___ DNA binding domain.

Answer 34

highly conserved

Question 35

Can neural cells give rise to many different kinds of cells?

Answer 35

yes, because they exhibit "stemness"

Question 36

Segmental plate mesoderm gives rise to ___.

Answer 36

epithelial somites

Question 37

Gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes all regulate ___.

Answer 37

homeotic selector genes

Question 38

___ genes are critical in programming of a complex organism.

Answer 38

Hox

Question 39

Neural cells migrate, which is a tightly regulated process. This is regulated by ___ and ___, which come from ____.

Answer 39

morphogens; growth factors; adjacent cells' secretions

Question 40

What is one of the few examples in mammaliam development where the process resembles bacterial systems?

Answer 40

sequential expression of Hox genes

Question 41

What layers in development have reciprocal interactions occuring?

Answer 41

ectoderm and mesenchyme/mesoderm

Question 42

The dermamyotome gives rise to ___ and ___.

Answer 42

dermatome (dermis); myotome (muscles)

Question 43

Do cells in the adult organism retain a record of their early embryonic developmental signals?

Answer 43

YES

Question 44

If you discovered a fly with wings for eyes, what type of control would you assume went awry during development?

Answer 44

hierarchical gene control; homeotic mutation

Question 45

Where would you find the neural crest cells?

Answer 45

between the developing neural tube and non-neural ectoderm

Question 46

What general component of the body mediates cell-cell interactions and controls gene expression?

Answer 46

proteins

Question 47

Can inductive signaling act over great distances?

Answer 47

YES

Question 48

Gap genes control ___ and ___ and ___.

Answer 48

pair-rule genes; homeotic selector genes; themselves

Question 49

Somites are formed by the _____.

Answer 49

paraxial mesoderm

Question 50

The myotome gives rise to ___ and ___.

Answer 50

epaxial back muscles; hypaxial back muscles

Question 51

Can homeobox genes work as inducers and inhibitors?

Answer 51

YES

Question 52

____ are at the pinnacle of hierarchical gene control. These genes activate the cascade with their expression.

Answer 52

Coordinate genes

Question 53

What does the pattern of expression of each gene follow?

Answer 53

head to tail order and expression

Question 54

If a tooth cell is taken out of their resident structure and transplanted elsewhere, it will still become a tooth. This is referred to as ____.

Answer 54

regional determination

Question 55

What accounts for the complexity of animals and different structures?

Answer 55

expression control systems that drive development

Question 56

What would happen if you took out these early embryonic development signal gene records?

Answer 56

things would not be maintained as they should be

Question 57

What ligands and families are used UNIVERSALLY across species?

Answer 57

``` RTK TGF-beta Wnt Hedgehog Notch ```

Question 58

What does the incredible similarities of all embryos across all species provide evidence of?

Answer 58

a common ancestor