Innate Immunity

Question 1

Macrophages express _____ for many microbial components.

Answer 1

receptors (mannonse, LPS, TLR-2, TLR-4, glucan, scavenger)

Question 2

What are the chemical barriers against infection?

Answer 2

fatty acids, low pH, enzymes (pepsin + lysozyme), antibacterial peptides

Question 3

What is considered the first barrier against microorganisms?

Answer 3

epithelial surfaces (skin, gut, lungs, etc.)

Question 4

In the midst of an infection, what causes the redness, swelling, and heat?

Answer 4

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 5

In which phase of the immune response is there recognition of non-specific and broadly specific effectors?

Answer 5

innate immunity (0-4 hours)

Question 6

What is BALT?

Answer 6

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 7

What are the microbiological defenses against infection?

Answer 7

normal flora

Question 8

The mucus layer of the small intestine is ____, whereas in the large intestine ____.

Answer 8

loose; has a loose and dense layer

Question 9

What microorganisms cause disease?

Answer 9

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

Question 10

In which phase of the immune response are antigens being transported to lymphoid organs, B and T cell recognition, and clonal expansion/differentiation?

Answer 10

adaptive immune response

Question 11

What is the goal of vaccination?

Answer 11

to memorize the pathogen

Question 12

_____ kill parasites coated with antibodies.

Answer 12

Eosinophils

Question 13

What gives the mucus layer is characteristic viscosity?

Answer 13

mucin glycoproteins

Question 14

What is the mode of transmission of an infection in the GI tract?

Answer 14

contaminated food or water

Question 15

The early phases of the immune response depend on _____.

Answer 15

innate immunity

Question 16

____ and ____ release granules when activated that contain many enzymes and toxic proteins.

Answer 16

Basophils; eosinophils

Question 17

Paneth cells produce ____.

Answer 17

defensins, lectins, and cytokines

Question 18

In which phase of the immune response is there recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns and inflammation?

Answer 18

early induced innate response

Question 19

What kind of receptors recognize common features of pathogens?

Answer 19

invariant receptors

Question 20

Where are immature dendritic cells activated and matured at?

Answer 20

lymph

Question 21

What are the major cells of innate immunity?

Answer 21

macrophages
granulocytes (WBCs)
mast cells
dendritic cells
NK cells

Question 22

What is NALT and its components?

Answer 22

nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue

*adenoids, tonsils

Question 23

Are NK cells specific to one antigen?

Answer 23

NO - not specific

Question 24

Can complement be activated in the absence of antibodies?

Answer 24

YES

Question 25

Which cells migrate into the lymph to initiate the adaptive immune response?

Answer 25

dendritic cells

Question 26

What is the primary response element to ingested pathogens? Where is it located?

Answer 26

Peyer's patches; small intestine

Question 27

Viruses can originate from a ____ or a _____ based genome.

Answer 27

RNA; DNA

Question 28

When does the adapative immune response kick in?

Answer 28

after 96 hours

Question 29

Bacteria trigger _____ to release cytokines and chemokines.

Answer 29

macrophages

Question 30

_____ present antigens, phagocytose, induce inflammation and secrete signaling proteins. They are called the "scavengers" of the body.

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

Infectious disease is actually infrequent because ____.

Answer 31

our innate immunity can handle most infections

Question 32

What are the mechanical barriers against infection?

Answer 32

tight junctions of epithelial cells, flow of air, mucus, cilia, tears

Question 33

What are the modes of transmission of an infection in an airway mucosal surface?

Answer 33

inhaled droplets or spores

Question 34

Which mucus layer of the gut is sterile?

Answer 34

inner mucus layer (rich in antimicrobials, free of bacteria)

Question 35

Complement first evolved as part of the ____ immune system.

Answer 35

innate

Question 36

What is GALT and its components?

Answer 36

gut-associated lymphoid tissue | *Peyer's patches, appendix

Question 37

What must infectious agents overcome in order to establish an infection?

Answer 37

innate host defenses

Question 38

What is clonal selection of lymphocytes?

Answer 38

production of large amount of lymphocytes to expand numbers and reduce infection

Question 39

In local infection of tissues, which response agents are present?

Answer 39

complement, phagocytes, cyto/chemokines, NK cells; macrophages activated

Question 40

What bactericidal agents are produced by phagocytes?

Answer 40

``` acids superoxide, H2O2, radicals nitric oxide defensins, cationic proteins lysozyme, acid hydrolases lactoferrin, B-12 BP ```

Question 41

Which cells are used in both adaptive and innate immunity?

Answer 41

NK cells

Question 42

What causes pain in the inflammatory response?

Answer 42

when inflammatory cells move into the tissue and release inflammatory mediators

Question 43

Mature dendritic cells activate naive _____ in lymphoid organs.

Answer 43

T-cells

Question 44

What does the mucosal microbiota utilize for energy?

Answer 44

mucin glycoproteins

Question 45

What do goblet cells produce?

Answer 45

mucin glycoproteins, trefoil peptides, RELM-B

Question 46

The bone marrow is very important in innate immunity because ______.

Answer 46

all cellular elements of blood and immune system arise from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 47

Does innate immunity increase with repeated exposure to a pathogen?

Answer 47

NO

Question 48

What does the outer mucus layer of the gut do?

Answer 48

degradation of materials in gut (degradation mucus)

Question 49

What agents is the infection cleared by?

Answer 49

specific antibodies, T-cell dependent macrophage activation, and cytotoxic T-cells

Question 50

Adaptive immune responses are also known as _____.

Answer 50

acquired immune responses (confers lifelong immunity due to immunologic memory)

Question 51

Which immune cell releases granules containing histamine?

Answer 51

mast cells

Question 52

Does adaptive immunity memorize a pathogen?

Answer 52

YES (immunological memory)

Question 53

What is the main role of dendritic cells in the peripheral tissue?

Answer 53

antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes

Question 54

What does it mean when chickenpox is said to be "regionally distributed?"

Answer 54

it occurs variably (legs only, arms only, all over, etc.)

Question 55

Which mucus layer of the gut is not sterile?

Answer 55

outer mucus layer (layer of food degradation)

Question 56

These WBCs are the most numerous in the body and are the most important in the innate immune response.

Answer 56

neutrophils

Question 57

After ______ of the epithelium, antimicrobials, phagocytes, and complement destroy invading pathogens.

Answer 57

penetration

Question 58

____ is utilized by the coronavirus to inject the viral RNA into host human cells.

Answer 58

ACE2