blood components, function, disease

Question 1

components of blood- plasma

Answer 1

plasma proteins- 55%-70% and other solutes 1%

Question 2

components of blood- formed elements

Answer 2

45%-RBC (95.8%), WBC (0.1%), platlets (4%)

Question 3

what is plasma

Answer 3

similar to, and exchange fluid with, institutional fluid, 92% water electrolytes, 6-8% plasma proteins, waste products, nutrients, vitamins, hormones

Question 4

difference between plasma and initial fluid

Answer 4

interstitial fluid does not have plasma proteins- important for maintaining osmotic pressure, involved in hydrostatic pressure as well- plasma and interstitial fluid work together

Question 5

red blood cells structure

Answer 5

erythrocytes- disc shaped- thin in middle and thicker at edge (biconcave disc), made in red bone marrow, they are made to survive a certain length of time- go through apoptosis after 120 days

Question 6

what is inside RBC

Answer 6

lack nuclei, mitochondria (rely on energy from different sources such as anaerobic glycolysis) and ribosomes
contains haemoglobin- binds to oxygen- large complex protein molecule (carries 4 oxygen molecules)

Question 7

white blood cells

Answer 7

leucocytes, role in inflammation and immune response, found in lymphatic system organs and connective tissue proper, have nuclei and other organelles, small number in blood

Question 8

white blood cells- granulocytes

Answer 8

neutrophils- phagocytosis of bacteria (pus formed), eosinophils- allergic reaction, defence against parasites, control inflammation
basophils- allergic reaction- inflammatory reaction

Question 9

white blood cells- agranulocytes

Answer 9

lymphocytes- immunity T and B cells

monocytes- phagocytosis of large particle pathogen, attract immune cells

Question 10

platlets structure

Answer 10

thrombocytes- small colourless disc-shaped cell fragment without nucleus, found in large numbers of blood, mad in red bone marrow

Question 11

platlets function

Answer 11

release important clotting chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls, actively contract tissue after clot formation

Question 12

function of blood

Answer 12

transportation, regulation, protection, all to keep good balance

Question 13

function of blood- Transportation (to tissues/cells)

Answer 13

oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones, can transport things to anywhere in the body

Question 14

function of blood- transportation (from tissue/ cells)

Answer 14

carbon dioxide, H20, electrolytes, urea in urine via kidney

Question 15

function of blood- regulation

Answer 15

acidity of body fluids with buffers (7.35-7.45), volume of fluid in tissues by means of proteins- osmotic pressure, thermoregulation- removes excess heat from working muscles

Question 16

function of blood- protection

Answer 16

defence against disease- carries (WBC) and antibodies of immune system and facts needed for inflammation,
haemostasis- factors in blood prevent major blood loss at site of injury

Question 17

haemostasis

Answer 17

the prevention of blood loss, contains 3 phases: vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase

Question 18

vascular phase step 1

Answer 18

immediate vasospasm- constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessel wall

Question 19

vascular phase step 2

Answer 19

endothelial cells release chemical factors; ADP/ tissue factor which leads to further smooth muscle contraction. cell division of endothelial cells, Smooth muscle cells and fibrocytes- repair process

Question 20

vascular phase step 3

Answer 20

endothelial cell membranes become sticky and may seal off blood flow

Question 21

platelet phase step 1

Answer 21

platelet adhesion- begins 15 seconds after injury - to sticky endothelial surfaces, to basal laminae, to exposed collagen fibres

Question 22

platelet phase step 2

Answer 22

platelet aggregation- everything begins to stick

Question 23

coagulation phase

Answer 23

cascade reaction- blood clotting (coagulation)- involves.a series of steps, converts circulating fibrinogen into insoluble and pro enzymes, form 3 pathways (extrinsic, intrinsic, common)

Question 24

coagulation phase pathways- extrinsic

Answer 24

begins in the vessel wall, outside the blood stream, external damage

Question 25

coagulation phase pathways- intrinsic

Answer 25

begins with circulating proenzymes, within bloodstream, internal damage

Question 26

coagulation phase pathways- common

Answer 26

where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge

Question 27

common blood disorders

Answer 27

anaemia, polycthaemia, leucocytes and leukopenia, blood clotting disorder

Question 28

what is anaemia

Answer 28

deficiency in haemoglobin due to either too few RBC's or too little haemoglobin (men 10-15, women 10-13) in cell, haematocrit ratio of RBC to total blood volume should be 45%

Question 29

causes of anaemia

Answer 29

blood loss, inadequate RBC production, excessive RBC destruction, made incorrectly- different shape

Question 30

signs and symptoms of anaemia

Answer 30

tiredness, weakness, pale skin, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, cold hands and feet, headache

Question 31

what is polycthaemia

Answer 31

abnormally high concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, this makes the blood thicker, it puts strain on patients heart- leads to heart failure, patients look red in face

Question 32

causes of polycythaemia

Answer 32

COPD- damage to lungs meaning inability to get correct amount of O2 in

Question 33

what is leukocytosis

Answer 33

it is a high WBC count, parasites, inflammation or inflammatory condition, conditions resulting in tissue death (necrosis), allergic response

Question 34

causes of leucocytosis

Answer 34

caused by infection from bacteria, sometimes viruses, fungi

Question 35

what is leukopenia

Answer 35

this is a low WBC count, bone marrow damage or disorder, autoimmune disorder, dietary deficiencies, sepsis, disease of the immune system

Question 36

blood clotting pathologies

Answer 36

platelet deficiency, defective platelet function, derangement of clotting factors

Question 37

what is haemophilia

Answer 37

a genetic disease when the clotting factors (depends on which haemophilia you have) if you are missing one of these factors then the cascade effect cannot continue- meaning bleeding doesn't stop

Question 38

treatment for haemophilia

Answer 38

treated with genetic engineering clotting factors, can be treated with a pen, daily medication

Question 39

what medications affect platelet function

Answer 39

aspirin- changes shape of platelet and meaning it is not sticky- affects blood clotting process

Question 40

Common pathway- 1

Answer 40

prothrombinase in the presence of enzyme clotting 10, causes activation of prothrombin activator (activates prothrombin), clotting factor 10 turns prothrombin into thrombin

Question 41

common pathway- 2

Answer 41

thrombin acts as an enzyme on fibrinogen- turns it into fibrin, fibrin+ calcium= fibrin threads, fibrin threads+ blood cells and plasma= stable blood clot fibrin network overs platelet plug and seals area