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Pathophysiology PH1002 > Soft tissue and function > Flashcards

Soft tissue and function Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of soft tissue

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Outline of connective tissue

A

fills internal spaces, provides structural support, transports materials ,provides energy

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3
Q

Outline of epithelial cells

A

covers exposed surfaces, forms glands, lines internal passageways (anywhere the body is exposed to external environment)

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4
Q

Outline of muscle tissue

A

specialised for contraction

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5
Q

Outline of nervous tissue

A

carries information in the form of electrical impulses

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6
Q

What cells are in epithelial tissue

A

includes epithelial (cells that cover any exposed area of the body- form barrier between external and internal environment) and glands. Epithelia are cells that cover internal and external surfaces

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7
Q

Structures of epithelial tissue- cells and blood vessels

A

cells are bound closer together has an exposed surface, epithelia are avascular- no blood vessels, cells are continuously replaced/ regenerating

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8
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- physical protection

A

protect exposed/ internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration and destruction by chemical/ biological agents

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9
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- control permeability

A

any substance entering or leaving the body must cross an epithelium, variable permeability- e.g. skin is not very permeable, where as the digestive trapped allows the absorption of beneficial substances (selected), absorption, secretion, excretion, diffusion

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10
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- provide sensation

A

large sensory nerve supply, continually providing information about internal/ external environment, smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, hearing

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11
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- produce specialized secretions

A

secretions produced by glands, secretions are either discharged onto surfaces of the epithelia or released into interstitial fluid/ blood

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12
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- basal surface

A

where cell attaches to ore epithelial cells if multiple layers or deeper tissue

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13
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- mitochondria

A

generate energy

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14
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- nucleus

A

controls cell and contains DNA

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15
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- microvilli

A

increase SA by up to 20 times- more efficient absorption and excretion

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16
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- cilia

A

beat in a coordinated manner and move substances over the surface

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17
Q

What are the 2 things epithelial cells are classified by

A

number of laters, cell shape

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18
Q

classification of epithelial cells- number of layers

A

simple (made of single layer) or stratified (made of many cell layer)

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19
Q

classification of epithelial cells- cell shape

A

squamous- flat- more likely to sustain more damage- leads to stratified tissue as damage occurs frequently so they can regenerate and replace
cuboidal
columnar

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20
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into blood,
hormones regulate or coordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems

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21
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, thymus

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22
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts that empty on the epithelial surface

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23
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

digestive enzymes, sweat,tears

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24
Q

Connective tissue

A

occur throughout the body, never exposed to the outside environment, connect epithelial tissue to the rest of the body, many are highly vascular- different to epithelial, fill internal spaces, stores energy and transport materials, provides support to other tissues

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25
3 categories of connective tissue
CT proper- loose CT and Dense/fibrous CT, fluid CT- blood and lymph nodes, supporting CT- cartilage and bones , these are then subclassified
26
what is loose connective tissue made up of
loose connective tissue is made up of loosely packed collagen and elastin fibres and is found throughout the body. it fills the spaces around the organs. the elastic fibres within the tissue make it resilient, so it easily returns to its original shape after external pressure is removed
27
structure of adipose tissue
this has similar structure to lose connective tissue but has a much higher proportion of fat cells. Its function is to provide padding, absorb shocks, insulates the body and stores energy
28
What are the 2 types of fibrous connective tissue
dense regular and dense irregular
29
what is dense regular fibrous connective tissue
it is predominantly made up of collagen fibres which are packed densely, and parallel to each other. Examples of dense regular connective tissue are tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
30
What is dense irregular tissue
dense irregular fibres are more interwoven to form a meshwork, this allows the tissues to be subject to stresses from different directions, for example in the dermis (deep layer of skin)
31
Blood and lymph connective tissue
blood and lymph are fluid connective tissue they transport cells and dissolve material around the body
32
what do bones provide
by being attachment point for skeletal muscles, and protects organs. It is formed from densely packed collagen with mineral deposits, primarily calcium
33
function of connective tissue- structural framework
establishing structural framework for the body- bone and lose connective tissue which provides support by filling spaces between organs
34
function of connective tissue- transport
transport fluid and dissolved materials- blood and lymphatic system
35
function of connective tissue- protects delicate organs
loose tissue protects delicate organs, supports surrounds and connects other types of tissue
36
function of connective tissue- stores energy
adipose tissue- stores energy
37
function of connective tissue- defend body
helps to defend body from invading microorganisms- cells on CT proper have macrophages, mast cells and lymphocytes- they migrate along connective tissue to sites of damage/ injury when needed- allow immune responses to travel to sites
38
What is cartilage
closely packed collagen. fibres embedded in a firm matrix gel containing chondrocytes- cells in cartilage that produce and maintain cartilage matrix, secrete chemical that prevents the growth of blood tissue in cartilage and proteoglycans
39
what are proteoglycans
made of protein and sugar they regulate movement of molecules throughout the matrix, play a big part in how much water is in the matrix- this affects how the cartilage withstands pressures forces
40
is cartilage avascular
it absorbs all of its nutrients via the matrix- meaning it doesn't heal well when damaged
41
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
42
what is hyaline cartilage
this is the most common type, closely packed collagen fibres in matrix, tough but flexible- higher proportion of collagen fibres
43
hyaline cartilage examples
in most joint covering articular surfaces, between ribs and sacrum, nasal cartilage, respiratory tract
44
what is elastic cartilage
numerous elastic fibres, resilient but flexible- higher proportion of elastic fibres
45
examples of elastic cartilage
external flap of ear (auricle), auditory tube, small cartilages in larynx
46
what is fibrocartilage
densely interwoven collagen fibres, little ground substances, durable and tough, resists compression and absorbs shock
47
where is fibrocartilage found
between vertebrae, between pubic bones, meniscus
48
what are membranes
membranes occur when epithelial tissues and connective tissue is combined. Consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue. They form a physical barrier, they control the movement of substances. They line or cover all the body's surfaces
49
4 types of membranes
mucous membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes
50
what are mucous membranes
they line passageways that open to exterior including digestive respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Epithelial surfaces are kept moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption/ secretion. Thin layer of epithelial cells- often simple classification- allows the crossing of substances
51
what is the serous membrane
line the sealed internal cavities in the body, not open to exterior, very thin and transparent, firmly attach to body wall and organs that they cover, minimise friction- serous fluid produced (called transudate)
52
examples of serous membrane- pleura
lines the pleural cavity, covers the lungs, pleurisy- is a condition where pleura becomes inflamed and causes pain when breathing
53
examples of serous membrane- peritoneum
lines the peritoneal cavity, covers surfaces of exposed organs, peritonitis- inflammation of lining and is often caused by infection
54
examples of serous membrane- pericardium
lines pericardial cavity, covers heart, pericarditis
55
what are synovial membrane
membranes around the joint cavity of a synovial joint, forms a synovial capsule, made up of connective tissues with a layer of macrophages and fibroblasts, synovial fluid within a capsule- lubricates and nourishes hyaline cartilage (movement of joint stimulates formation and circulation of synovial fluid)
56
what are the 2 layers of synovial membrane
loose CT later and an atypical epithelium- made up of macrophages and fibroblasts this regulates composition of synovial fluid
57
2 layers of cutaneous membrane
epidermis (epithelial tissue- outer layer), dermis (connective tissue), this has 2 layers one of loose CT and one of dense irregular CT, contains blood in the lymphatic vessels and nerves
58
what is the cutaneous membrane
subcutaneous layer of connective tissue, below dermis, accessory structures- hair foliaceus, exocrine glands, nails
59
how long does it take a cell to move to the outermost later of skin
15-30 days, cells last for approx 2 weeks
60
how can skin colour indicate pathological conditions
colour can indicate changing of pathological conditions, skin is important for all 3 cire specialities, e.g. if skin is red= inflammation, if someone has excessive sweating-, hypoxic patients may become cyanotic (not enough oxygen)
61
function of cutaneous membrane- homeostasis
excretion of salts, water, and waste products, maintenance of temperature
62
function of cutaneous membrane
protection of underlying tissue,production of melanin/ keratin, synthesis of vitamin DD3, storage of lipids in adipose tissue, sensation, coordinates immune response to pathogens/ cancers in the skin

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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