Kidney structure and function

Question 1

what makes up the urinary system

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Question 2

3 main functions of urinary system

Answer 2

excretion, elimination and homeostatic regulation

Question 3

Functions of urinary system- excretion and elimination

Answer 3

excretion- the removal of waste products from body fluids

elimination- the discharge of these waste products in the form of urine

Question 4

Functions of urinary system- homeostatic regulation

Answer 4

regulating blood volume and BP- through controlling water in blood, regulating plasma concentrations of ions- how much is lost in urine, stabilise blood pH, conserves valuable nutrients

Question 5

kidney structure- position and weight and length

Answer 5

2 kidneys located posteriorly either side of the vertebral column level with T12-L3, 10cm long, 5.5cms wide and 3cms thick

Question 6

kidney structure

Answer 6

have a suprarenal gland located at the apex of each kidney, reddish brown colour shaped like a kidney bean, hang suspended by collagen fibres of the renal fascia, working part of kidney is a thick layer of fat, has. strong outer fibrous capsule

Question 7

cross section of the kidney- renal cortex

Answer 7

outer part of kidney, has a number of projections that extend down between the renal pyramids, contains the glomeruli, where ultrafiltration

Question 8

cross section of the kidney- renal medulla

Answer 8

inner part of kidney, 6-12 distinct triangular structures= renal pyramids, the tip of renal pyramids projects into the renal sinus at a point called renal papilla, each renal pyramids is operated by the cortical columns of cortex, contains collecting ducts

Question 9

what is the renal lobe

Answer 9

renal pyramid + renal cortex + adjacent cortical column

Question 10

why do kidneys need a good blood supply

Answer 10

they need to have a good blood supply as blood is filtered in kidneys

Question 11

blood flow to kidneys

Answer 11

renal artery- segmental arteries- interloper arteries- acute arteries- cortical radiate arteries- afferent arterioles- glomerulus- efference arteriole- peritubular capillaries- venules- cortical radiate veins- accurate veins- interloper vein- renal vein

Question 12

the nephron

Answer 12

tubular structures within the cortex of each renal lobe

consist of the renal tubule and a renal corpuscle, where filtration occurs

Question 13

how many nephrons does each kidney have

Answer 13

1.25 million

Question 14

what is in the renal corpuscle

Answer 14

contains the glomerular capsule or bowman capsule and the glomerulus, glomerulus is the capillary network- 50 intertwining capillaries

Question 15

functions of the kidney (A WET BED)

Answer 15

A- acid based balance, W- Water balance/ regulation, E- erythropoiesis (erythropoietin)- making of RBC, T- toxin removal, B- blood pressure regulation- through release hormone renin, E- electrolyte balance, D- vitamin D activation

Question 16

how does the kidney regulate BP

Answer 16

through release of hormone renin- released due to low sodium levels or blood volume, or high potassium levels

Question 17

renal disorders

Answer 17

Nephritis, nephrosis, cancer, vascular disorder, congenital disorders, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure

Question 18

what is nephritis

Answer 18

inflammation of the kidneys, many types- interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephrtis

Question 19

what causes nephritis

Answer 19

interstitial- caused by an allergic reaction to medication or by long term medication use causing reaction after a long period of time, pyelonephritis- caused by infection, glomernephritis- begins of tutor and sever immunity issues

Question 20

symptoms of nephritis

Answer 20

pelvic/ kidney/ abdominal pain/ burning sensation on urination/ pus or blood in urine/ swelling of hands, feet, and face, vommiting, high BP

Question 21

diagnosis- nephritis

Answer 21

inflammatory/ infective markers, urine tests (looking for bacteria or presents of RBC/WBC), scans, raised creatinine and blood urea nitrogen or renal biopsy

Question 22

treatment of nephritis

Answer 22

dependent on type and cause, interstitial (take person of medication/ look for alternative medication), bacterial- specific antibodies, short term diaphysis

Question 23

nephrosis

Answer 23

non- inflammatory disease of kidneys, chiefly affecting the nephrons, characterised by the leaking of blood protein into the urine oedema, often seen as a degenerative disease, can be primary disorder or secondary to another disorder

Question 24

symptoms of nephrosis

Answer 24

sever swelling of eyes/ ankles/ feet, foamy urine, weight gain, fatigue, loss of appetite

Question 25

treatment of nephrosis

Answer 25

medication to reduce BP and cholesterol, to thin blood and suppress immune systems and diuretics

Question 26

cancer of kidneys (renal cell carcinoma)

Answer 26

often malignant, primarily over 50s, male>females, strong link to smoking, tend to be asymptomatic in early stages 5 year survival rate- 96% if caught early (Stage 1), to 23% if caught late (stage IV)

Question 27

Vascular disorder

Answer 27

above that expected in normal gaining, thickening and hardening of arterioles- reduced blood flow to the kidney- ischemia, linked to HTN, DM and heart failure

Question 28

what does long term schema cause

Answer 28

destruction of renal tissue and chronic renal failure

Question 29

treatments of vascular disorders

Answer 29

hypertensives, diuretics

Question 30

congenital disorders

Answer 30

adult polycystic kidney, most common genetic disease, presents itself at about 40 years, gradual development of cysts in both kidney, which gradually expand over years,

Question 31

how is congenital disorders diagnosed and treatment

Answer 31

rapid changes to blood and urine tests | treatment- reverse primary problem, temporary dialysis

Question 32

chronic renal failure

Answer 32

gradual inevitable destructions of the kidney over a long period of time, has several stages- decreased reserve- renal insmffincey- end stage renal failure

Question 33

causes of chronic Renal failure

Answer 33

chronic kidney disease, HTN, DM

Question 34

treatment of chronic renal failure

Answer 34

once advanced, progress of CRF may be stopped due to scar tissue and loss of function causing further degenerative changes

Question 35

Chronic renal failure- decreased reserve

Answer 35

around 60% of nephrons lost, decreased glomerular filtration rate and creatine levels within normal range, no clinical signs

Question 36

Chronic renal failure- renal insufficiency

Answer 36

around 75% nephron lost, changes in blood chemistry with increase in waste products in blood, loss of control- large volumes of dilute urine, decreased RBC production and increase in BP

Question 37

Chronic renal failure- end stage renal failure

Answer 37

more than 90% nephron lost, all body systems affected by the retention of waste products, anuria develops, regular dialysis or transplant is required

Question 38

Chronic renal failure- implications for physiotherapy

Answer 38

be aware of fistulas- be careful not to damage it, exercise tolerance- any renal disease will lead to a patient being more fatigued, won't follow the normal recovery to illness of injury, psychosocial implications- difficult to motivate