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AAA-PEDIATRICS Y3S2 > BLOOD DISORDERS 1.1 (AB) > Flashcards

BLOOD DISORDERS 1.1 (AB) Flashcards

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1
Q

What should be considered in the family history of a patient with suspected hematologic disorder?

A

History of blood disorders such as hemophilia (which may not show symptoms)

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2
Q

What medications are relevant in evaluating a patient with suspected hematologic disorder?

A

Warfarin, NSAIDs, antibiotics

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3
Q

What recent illnesses may be relevant when evaluating immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?

A

Viral infection within the past 2 weeks

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4
Q

How is anemia defined?

A

A decrease in red cell mass or hemoglobin concentration at 2 standard deviations below normal

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency

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6
Q

What are less common causes of microcytic anemia?

A

Thalassemias and lead poisoning

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7
Q

What is the usual cause of macrocytic anemia in children?

A

Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies (though not frequent in children)

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8
Q

Why is normocytic anemia difficult to diagnose?

A

Because it has many causes

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9
Q

What are common causes of anemia in newborns?

A

Hemolysis, sepsis, blood loss, leukemia, TORCH infections

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10
Q

What are common causes of anemia in 16-18 months old children?

A

Iron deficiency anemia, congenital hemolytic anemia, sepsis, aplastic anemia, lead poisoning, acute anemia

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11
Q

What are common causes of anemia from 18 months to adolescence?

A

Leukemia, childhood malignancies, infections, parasitism, chronic inflammatory conditions

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12
Q

What symptom might indicate severe anemia?

A

Shortness of breath and palpitations

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13
Q

What symptom suggests hemolysis?

A

Jaundice

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14
Q

What symptoms suggest blood loss?

A

Dark stools, heavy menstruation

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15
Q

What viral infections can trigger ITP or worsen anemia?

A

EBV, CMV, HIV

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16
Q

What medications may cause GI bleeding?

A

NSAIDs, aspirin

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17
Q

What antibiotics may lead to hemolysis or bone marrow suppression?

A

Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, cotrimoxazole

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18
Q

What chronic diseases are associated with anemia?

A

Autoimmune diseases, kidney disease, liver disease

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19
Q

What dietary deficiency is common in iron deficiency anemia?

A

Lack of iron from red meat, green leafy vegetables, iron-fortified foods

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20
Q

What nutrient deficiencies may lead to macrocytic anemia?

A

Vitamin B12 and folate

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21
Q

What dietary habit in toddlers may cause iron deficiency?

A

Excessive cow’s milk consumption

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22
Q

What blood disorder is common in Africans?

A

Sickle cell disease

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23
Q

Why are adolescent females at higher risk of IDA?

A

Due to menstrual blood loss

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24
Q

Why is G6PD deficiency more common in males?

A

It is an X-linked disorder

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25
What early onset anemia may be seen in children less than 2 years old?
Diamond Blackfan anemia
26
What condition may cause neonatal jaundice?
G6PD deficiency
27
What does ictericia (jaundice) suggest in anemia?
Hemolysis
28
What conditions may present with organomegaly and lymphadenopathy?
Malignancies and hemolytic anemias
29
What oral lesions are seen in iron deficiency anemia?
Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, smooth tongue
30
What physical sign may suggest Fanconi’s anemia?
Hyperpigmentation and skeletal abnormalities
31
What skull abnormality may be seen in thalassemia?
Bossing of the skull
32
What are key RBC parameters in CBC?
Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, RBC count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW
33
What are the main WBC parameters in CBC?
Total WBC count, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
34
What platelet parameters are assessed in CBC?
Platelet Count, Mean Platelet Volume
35
What are additional labs used to evaluate anemia?
Peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count, bilirubin, fecalysis, urinalysis, iron studies, bone marrow aspirate
36
What is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder globally?
Iron deficiency
37
What parasitic infestation is the leading cause of IDA worldwide?
Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ankylostoma duodenale)
38
How many people are affected by parasitic infestation causing IDA?
1 billion people
39
When are breastfed infants at risk for iron deficiency?
If they do not receive iron-fortified foods by 6 months
40
How long do iron stores typically last in term infants?
6–9 months
41
What groups of infants have smaller iron stores?
Premature, low birthweight, or those with perinatal blood loss
42
How does delayed umbilical cord clamping affect iron status?
Improves iron status and reduces iron deficiency risk
43
What is the age of onset for dietary iron deficiency anemia?
Typically between 9–24 months
44
What dietary pattern in toddlers can lead to IDA?
Excessive cow’s milk consumption
45
What global cause is primarily responsible for iron deficiency?
Undernutrition
46
What are common causes of blood loss leading to IDA in adolescents?
Menstrual losses, nosebleeds, hemoglobinuria
47
What GI lesions can lead to chronic occult blood loss in children?
Peptic ulcers, Meckel diverticulum, polyps, hemangiomas, IBD
48
How does cow’s milk affect anemia in infants?
Can cause chronic intestinal blood loss
49
How can chronic blood loss in infants be prevented?
Breastfeeding, delaying cow’s milk until after 1 year, and limiting to <24 oz/day
50
What infections contribute to IDA in developing countries?
Trichuris trichiura and Plasmodium spp.
51
What is the hallmark of the pre-latent stage of IDA?
Depletion of tissue iron stores or ferritin
52
What lab results are seen in the latent stage of IDA?
Low serum iron, increased iron binding capacity
53
What are features of frank iron deficiency?
Hypochromic and microcytic anemia, pallor, easy fatigability, tachycardia, anorexia
54
What physical findings suggest pallor in IDA?
Pale oral mucosa, conjunctiva, nails, and palmar creases
55
What nail change is seen in severe IDA?
Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails)
56
What is pica?
Unusual craving and ingestion of nonnutritive substances like starch, clay, or soil
57
What are mental effects of iron deficiency?
Cognitive decline and poor concentration
58
What are psychomotor effects of iron deficiency in children?
Delayed motor milestones
59
What are immune effects of iron deficiency?
Increased susceptibility to infections
60
What are neurological effects of iron deficiency?
Breath-holding spells, cranial nerve palsies, pseudotumor cerebri, developmental delay
61
What is the earliest lab indicator of iron deficiency?
Low serum ferritin
62
What are the late lab findings in IDA?
Decreased hemoglobin, hypochromia, and microcytosis
63
How is oral iron therapy given for IDA?
Ferrous sulfate 6 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks to 3–4 months
64
What is the proper way to take ferrous sulfate?
Before meals with water, not mixed with milk
65
What is a more palatable oral iron option than ferrous sulfate?
Ferrous fumarate
66
When is parenteral iron used?
For patients who cannot tolerate oral iron
67
What type of disorder is G6PD deficiency?
X-linked hereditary disorder
68
What are the typical symptoms of G6PD deficiency?
Sudden onset of pallor, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria
69
What should be suspected if a baby has prolonged but non-deep jaundice?
Possible G6PD deficiency
70
What common drugs can cause hemolysis in G6PD deficiency?
Analgesics, antipyretics, anti-malarials, cardiovascular drugs, cytotoxic antibacterial PAS
71
Is G6PD deficiency treatable?
No, it is persistent but manageable
72
What is the mainstay of G6PD deficiency management?
Avoidance of prohibited drugs
73
What supplements and treatments may be used in severe G6PD deficiency?
Folic acid and packed RBC transfusion

AAA-PEDIATRICS Y3S2 (55 decks)

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