SKIN (AB)

Question 1

What are the three main layers of the skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 2

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

Answer 2

Squamous epithelium.

Question 3

What is the main function of the epidermis?

Answer 3

It serves as a physical barrier and part of the immune system, protecting against harsh environments.

Question 4

What happens if the epidermis is disrupted?

Answer 4

It can lead to infection.

Question 5

What structures are found in the dermis?

Answer 5

Capillaries, sebaceous glands, inner root sheath, and outer root sheath.

Question 6

What is the function of capillaries in the dermis?

Answer 6

They supply oxygen and nutrients to the skin.

Question 7

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 7

They produce sebum, which helps moisturize and protect the skin.

Question 8

What is the inner root sheath?

Answer 8

A layer surrounding the hair follicle that supports hair growth.

Question 9

What is the outer root sheath?

Answer 9

The outermost layer of the hair follicle that extends into the dermis.

Question 10

What is found in the subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 10

Blood vessels.

Question 11

What is the function of subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 11

It contains blood vessels that supply the skin and acts as insulation.

Question 12

What are Epstein pearls?

Answer 12

Whitish-yellow cysts that form on the gums and roof of the mouth in newborns.

Question 13

In which age group do Epstein pearls occur?

Answer 13

Only in newborns.

Question 14

How common are Epstein pearls in newborns?

Answer 14

They are seen in approximately 80% of newborns.

Question 15

What causes Epstein pearls?

Answer 15

Entrapped epithelium during the development of the palate.

Question 16

Where do Epstein pearls appear?

Answer 16

On the gums or the roof of the mouth.

Question 17

What do Epstein pearls sometimes resemble?

Answer 17

Emerging teeth.

Question 18

How are Epstein pearls diagnosed?

Answer 18

By examination; no special tests are needed.

Question 19

What is the treatment for Epstein pearls?

Answer 19

No treatment is necessary; they disappear within 1 to 2 weeks.

Question 20

What is erythema toxicum?

Answer 20

A common, noncancerous skin condition seen in newborns.

Question 21

How common is erythema toxicum?

Answer 21

It may appear in 50% or more of all normal newborns.

Question 22

What are common risk factors for erythema toxicum?

Answer 22

Exposure to hot environments or the sun.

Question 23

What is the cause of erythema toxicum?

Answer 23

Unknown.

Question 24

Why might erythema toxicum concern parents?

Answer 24

It may be mistaken for an infection or cellulitis.

Question 25

What is the main symptom of erythema toxicum?

Answer 25

A rash of small, yellow-to-white papules surrounded by red skin.

Question 26

Where does erythema toxicum usually appear?

Answer 26

On the face, middle of the body, upper arms, and thighs.

Question 27

How long does erythema toxicum last?

Answer 27

It usually clears within 2 weeks and is gone by 4 months of age.

Question 28

What are milia?

Answer 28

Tiny white bumps that appear on a baby's nose, chin, or cheeks.

Question 29

How common are milia in newborns?

Answer 29

Up to half of all babies develop milia.

Question 30

Where are milia usually found?

Answer 30

On the nasal area.

Question 31

In which populations are milia more common?

Answer 31

Asians and dark-skinned individuals.

Question 32

What causes milia?

Answer 32

Tiny skin flakes becoming trapped in small pockets near the skin’s surface.

Question 33

How are milia diagnosed?

Answer 33

By visual inspection; no specific tests are needed.

Question 34

What is the treatment for milia?

Answer 34

No medical treatment is needed; they disappear on their own within several weeks.

Question 35

What are Mongolian spots?

Answer 35

Flat, blue or blue-gray skin markings near the buttocks that appear at birth or shortly after.

Question 36

What is another name for Mongolian spots?

Answer 36

Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Slate Gray Nevus).

Question 37

Are Mongolian spots cancerous?

Answer 37

No, they are not cancerous or associated with disease.

Question 38

In which populations are Mongolian spots more common?

Answer 38

Asians, East Indians, and Africans, but they are not exclusive to these groups.

Question 39

Why can Mongolian spots be mistaken for bruises?

Answer 39

Their appearance may resemble bruising, raising concerns about child abuse.

Question 40

What is the treatment for Mongolian spots?

Answer 40

No treatment is necessary; they usually fade in a few years and are almost always gone by adolescence.

Question 41

What type of vascular anomaly is a port-wine stain?

Answer 41

Capillary malformation.

Question 42

What causes the reddish-purplish discoloration in a port-wine stain?

Answer 42

Swollen blood vessels.

Question 43

How common are port-wine stains?

Answer 43

Occurs in about 3 out of 1,000 people.

Question 44

What is the initial appearance of a port-wine stain?

Answer 44

Flat and pink.

Question 45

How does a port-wine stain change with age?

Answer 45

It may darken to deep red or purple and become thickened with a cobblestone-like appearance.

Question 46

Where do port-wine stains most commonly occur?

Answer 46

On the face.

Question 47

How is a port-wine stain diagnosed?

Answer 47

Clinical examination; no tests required.

Question 48

What are some treatments attempted for port-wine stains?

Answer 48

Freezing, surgery, radiation, and tattooing.

Question 49

What is the most effective treatment for port-wine stains?

Answer 49

Laser therapy.

Question 50

How does laser therapy work for port-wine stains?

Answer 50

It destroys tiny blood vessels without significantly damaging the skin.

Question 51

What conditions may be associated with port-wine stains?

Answer 51

Deafness.

Question 52

What examination is necessary for patients with a port-wine stain?

Answer 52

A complete physical examination.

Question 53

What type of vascular anomaly is a strawberry naevus?

Answer 53

Infantile hemangioma.

Question 54

When do strawberry naevi appear?

Answer 54

At birth or within the first few weeks of life.

Question 55

What does a strawberry naevus look like initially?

Answer 55

A small flat red area.

Question 56

How does a strawberry naevus progress?

Answer 56

It develops into a raised, dimpled, strawberry-like lesion.

Question 57

How common are strawberry naevi?

Answer 57

Occurs in about 3-5% of babies.

Question 58

What is the typical clinical course of a strawberry naevus?

Answer 58

Self-limiting; resolves spontaneously.

Question 59

When is treatment required for a strawberry naevus?

Answer 59

If it does not resolve spontaneously or is large.

Question 60

What medications can slow the proliferation of a strawberry naevus?

Answer 60

Intralesional corticosteroids and propranolol (beta-blockers).

Question 61

What immunotherapy may be used for treatment-resistant strawberry naevi?

Answer 61

Interferon-alfa 2a.

Question 62

When is surgery considered for a strawberry naevus?

Answer 62

If the lesion is quite large.

Question 63

What is a giant congenital nevus?

Answer 63

A congenital pigmented or melanocytic nevus that is dark-colored and often hairy.

Question 64

When does a congenital nevus appear?

Answer 64

At birth or within the first year of life.

Question 65

Where are congenital nevi commonly found?

Answer 65

Upper or lower back, abdomen, and other areas.

Question 66

What investigation is done for a giant congenital nevus to check for malignancy?

Answer 66

Skin biopsy.

Question 67

What imaging is needed if a giant congenital nevus is located over the spine?

Answer 67

MRI of the brain.

Question 68

What is a diaper rash?

Answer 68

A skin condition developing in the diaper area due to prolonged moisture exposure.

Question 69

What are common causes of diaper rash?

Answer 69

Prolonged exposure to wet diapers and Candida infection.

Question 70

What age group is most affected by diaper rash?

Answer 70

Babies between 4-15 months old.

Question 71

Why is Candida a common cause of diaper rash?

Answer 71

It thrives in warm, moist environments like under a diaper.

Question 72

What are common features of diaper rash?

Answer 72

Bright red rash, scaly areas, pimples, ulcers, large bumps, and satellite lesions.

Question 73

What is the treatment for diaper rash?

Answer 73

Zinc ointments or antifungal creams.

Question 74

When is anti-inflammatory medication needed for diaper rash?

Answer 74

When the rash causes severe pain.

Question 75

How can diaper rash be prevented?

Answer 75

Frequent diaper changes and periods without diapers.

Question 76

What is cradle cap also known as?

Answer 76

Seborrheic dermatitis.

Question 77

What does cradle cap look like?

Answer 77

Oily, yellow scaling or crusting on a baby’s scalp.

Question 78

Is cradle cap a sign of poor hygiene?

Answer 78

No, it is a normal build-up of skin oils and dead skin cells.

Question 79

How is cradle cap treated?

Answer 79

Gentle scalp scrubbing and antifungal shampoo (ketoconazole).

Question 80

Should cradle cap scales be removed forcefully?

Answer 80

No.

Question 81

What type of skin disorder is atopic dermatitis?

Answer 81

An inflammatory, relapsing, non-contagious, and itchy skin condition.

Question 82

What increases the risk of secondary bacterial infection in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 82

Breaks in the epidermal epithelium.

Question 83

Does atopic dermatitis have a genetic component?

Answer 83

Yes, it can be inherited and is difficult to treat.

Question 84

What allergic conditions are included in the 'atopic march'?

Answer 84

Atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis.

Question 85

What are the common symptoms of atopic dermatitis?

Answer 85

Dry, scaly skin that cracks, swells, and crusts.

Question 86

What are first-line treatments for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 86

Moisturizers, topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone), and lukewarm baths.

Question 87

What are the bathing recommendations for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 87

Quick, limited baths with lukewarm water.

Question 88

What are the major criteria for diagnosing atopic dermatitis (need 3 or more)?

Answer 88

Pruritus, typical morphology and distribution, chronic/relapsing dermatitis, personal/family history of atopy.

Question 89

What are the minor criteria for diagnosing atopic dermatitis (need 3 or more)?

Answer 89

Xerosis, ichthyosis, raised serum IgE, tendency toward infections, facial pallor, intolerance to wool, white dermographism.