Blood disorders

Question 1

Hematocrit

Answer 1

% by volume of red blood cells in your blood

Question 2

equation of haematocrit

Answer 2

volume of cells/ total volum

Question 3

4 main blood groups

Answer 3

A, B, AB & O

Question 4

blood group is determined by?

Answer 4

genes inherited from the parents

Question 5

blood types based on what system?

Answer 5

ABO & RhD blood group systems

Question 6

characteristic of blood group A

Answer 6

A antigens on RBCs with anti-B antibodies in plasma

Question 7

characteristic of blood group B

Answer 7

B antigens on rbcs with anti-A antibodies in plasma

Question 8

characteristic of blood group AB

Answer 8

both A & B antigens, but no antibodies

Question 9

characteristic of blood group O

Answer 9

no antigens, but both anti- A & anti- B antibodies in plasma

Question 10

which blood group is the most common?

Answer 10

Blood group O

Question 11

receiving blood from the wrong group can be life-threatening e.g. if someone with blood group B blood is given group A blood what happens?

Answer 11

their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells

Question 12

why can group O be safely given to any other groups?

Answer 12

Group O has no A or B antigens

Question 13

If the RhD antigen is present on rbcs this means the blood group is?

Answer 13

RhD positive

Question 14

If the RhD antigen is absent on rbcs this means the blood group is?

Answer 14

RhD negative

Question 15

which blood type can be safely given to anyone and why?

Answer 15

O RhD negative blood, because no A, B, or RhD antigens on cell surface

Question 16

there are 4 main blood groups but each group can either be? so in total how many blood groups?

Answer 16

RhD positive or negative so 8 in total

Question 17

study of blood in health & disease

Answer 17

heamatology

Question 18

blood disorders primarily affect?

Answer 18

blood & blood- forming organs

Question 19

list common blood disorders

Answer 19

anaemia, bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, blood clots & blood cancers such as leukaemia

Question 20

blood disorders can affect any of the blood main components:

Answer 20

RBCs- carry O2 to body’s tissues
wbcs- fight infections
platelets- help blood to clot
plasma- liquid portion of blood

Question 21

haematological malignancies

Answer 21

lymphomas
myelomas
leukaemia

Question 22

lymphomas are?

Answer 22

blood & lymph tumours that develop from lymphocytes

Question 23

two major lymphomas including symptoms and treatment

Answer 23

Hodgkin’s & non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats
Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy

Question 24

myelomas are?

Answer 24

plasma cells become malignant, multiply & release damaging substances– organ damage
no symptoms initially and no cure, but stem cell transplant & chemotherapy can lead to remission

Question 25

leukamia is when?

Answer 25

wbc become malignant and multiply in bone marrow = high numbers of abnormal blood cells may be actue or chronic

Question 26

leukaemia symptoms and treatment

Answer 26

Symptoms: bleeding, bruising, bone pain, risk of infections Treatment: chemotherapy, stem cell transplant--> may be curative

Question 27

Haemoglobinopathies

Answer 27

Haemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of haemoglobin or rate of haemoglobin synthesis

Question 28

examples of haemoglobinopathies

Answer 28

sickle cell disease thalassemia

Question 29

lack of rbcs or Hb is ?

Answer 29

anaemia

Question 30

examples of types of anaemia

Answer 30

iron-deficiency anaemia haemolytic anaemia (destruction of Rbcs)

Question 31

myeloid blood disorders

Answer 31

haemoglobinopathies anaemia decreased number of cells : neutropenia + thrombocytopenia coagulopathies

Question 32

examples of coagulopathies

Answer 32

thrombosis + haemophilia

Question 33

sickle cell disease (SCD) is?

Answer 33

an inherited (autosomal recessive) rbc disorder -when abnormal Hb causes rbcs to become stiff & sticky & look like a C-shaped farm tool,sickle sickle cells can block blood flow--pain & organ damage

Question 34

why is there a constant rbc shortage in SCD?

Answer 34

because sickle cell die early

Question 35

symptoms and treatments for SCD

Answer 35

Symptoms: painful episodes called sickle cell crises, increased infection risk, anaemia Treatment: antibiotics, painkillers, blood transfusion

Question 36

Thalassemia is?

Answer 36

inherited anaemia due to decreased Hb production -most have no symptoms-no treatment others need blood transfusions to relieve anaemia

Question 37

difference between iron-deficiency anaemia and haemolytic anaemia

Answer 37

iron-deficiency anaemia= body doesnt have enough iron to make Hb Haemolytic anaemia= Rbcs break down (haemolysis) or die faster than usual. usually within the spleen

Question 38

what causes iron-defiency anaemia + symptoms +treatments

Answer 38

caused by blood loss, insufficient dietary intake, or poor absorption of iron from food Symptoms: short of breath or tired Treatment: iron supplements, blood transfusion

Question 39

cause of haemolytic anaemia + symptoms + treatments

Answer 39

Caused by both intrinsic/extrinsic factors Symptoms: similar to other anaemias (fatigue, shortness of breath). Breakdown of red cells also leads to jaundice Treatment: depends on type & causes

Question 40

neutropenia

Answer 40

low concentration of neutrophils in the blood caused by vitamin deficiencies, drugs, metabolic disease, nutritional deficiency, cancer & infections - people with this are more susceptible to bacterial infections

Question 41

treatment for neutropenia

Answer 41

antibiotics, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 42

thrombocytopenia is?

Answer 42

decreased number of platelets in the blood can be inherited or acquired usually no symptoms treament: depends on severity & causes

Question 43

thrombosis=

Answer 43

formation of blood clot inside blood vessel, obstructing blood flow through circulatory system

Question 44

where can thrombosis occur?

Answer 44

veins or arteries

Question 45

embolus =

Answer 45

a clot that breaks free- can lodge somewhere as an embolism

Question 46

thrombosis treatment=

Answer 46

anticoagulation, thrombolysis, surgery

Question 47

haemophilia is when?

Answer 47

the body cant form blood clots needed to stop bleeding (affects blood plasma) inherited genetic disorder symptoms: bleeding episodes treatments: clotting factor replacement, clot-preserving drugs, plasma infusion