Cell Division And Cell Fate

Question 1

Neurotransmitters are released from?

Answer 1

Presynaptic nerve terminal and acts on post synaptic membrane

Question 2

Effect of neurotransmitter depends on what?

Answer 2

Properties of the receptor not nature of neurotransmitter

Question 3

Examples of neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, GABA

Question 4

Neurotransmitters stimulate?. What receptors?

Answer 4

Ligan-gated ion channel receptors or G protein coupled receptors

Question 5

What type of signalling are hormones?

Answer 5

Endocrine

Question 6

Example of neurotransmitter released as hormone

Answer 6

Noradrenaline

Question 7

What are the different types of hormones based on?

Answer 7

Chemical structures

Question 8

State different types of hormones

Answer 8

Amino acid derived, peptide hormones, lipid based.

Question 9

Structure of amino acid derived hormones

Answer 9

Small molecule, structurally related to amino acids

Question 10

Where is adrenaline released?

Answer 10

Adrenal gland

Question 11

Structure of peptide hormones

Answer 11

chain of amino acids

Question 12

Structure of lipid hormones

Answer 12

Structurally similar to cholesterol so can easily cross the membrane

Question 13

What produces thromboxane?

Answer 13

Platelets

Question 14

What are cytokines?

Answer 14

Small proteins which modulate or alter immune system responses.

Question 15

Why is meiosis important?

Answer 15

Sexual reproduction

Question 16

Why is mitosis important?

Answer 16

Cell proliferation

Question 17

Diploid has how many chromosomes?

Answer 17

46

Question 18

Haploid has how many chromosomes?

Answer 18

23

Question 19

What happens at prophase?

Answer 19

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Spindle fibres emerge from the centrosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrosomes move toward opposite poles

Question 20

What happens at prometephase?

Answer 20

Chromosomes continue to condense
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

Question 21

Metaphase

Answer 21

Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre originating from opposite poles

Question 22

Anaphase

Answer 22

Centromeres split in two
Sister chromatids now called chromosomes pulled toward opposite poles
Certain spindle fibres begin to elongate the cell

Question 23

Telophase

Answer 23

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
The mitotic spindle breaks down
Spindle fibres continue to push poles apart

Question 24

Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

Answer 24

Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
Plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells

Question 25

Cell cycle is

Answer 25

A process in which the cell replicates its genetic material and divides into 2 identical cells

Question 26

What happens in G1 phase of cell cycle?

Answer 26

Cell increases in size, cellular contents duplicated ( except chromosomes)

Question 27

What happens in S phase?

Answer 27

DNA replication

Question 28

What happens in G2 phase?

Answer 28

Preparation for cell division

Question 29

What is the G0 phase?

Answer 29

Rest phase Cell quiescence, senescence or terminal differentiation

Question 30

Cell cycle order

Answer 30

G1, (G0- it something wrong), S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 31

What happens in the interphase?

Answer 31

Cell cycle

Question 32

Senescent cells

Answer 32

Age cells that don't undergo cell division anymore, permanent cell cycle arrest

Question 33

Cell growth checkpoint does what? after g1/g0

Answer 33

Checks cell size $ proteins for synthesis phase It not, cell goes to G0 until ready to divide

Question 34

What gene controls g2 checkpoint?

Answer 34

Gene p53

Question 35

Function of cyclin

Answer 35

Regulate cell cycle progression by binding and activating cyclindependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 36

Cyclin D

Answer 36

Drives G1

Question 37

Cyclin E

Answer 37

Inhibits cyclin D activity

Question 38

Cyclin A

Answer 38

Controls DNA copying

Question 39

Cyclin B

Answer 39

Drives G2

Question 40

What effect does cyclin degradation have on CDK activity?

Answer 40

Terminates it

Question 41

How is the next phase entry in cell cycle triggered?

Answer 41

CDK- Cyclin binding activated CDKS which activate target proteins via phosphorylation CDK-cyclin combination trigger next phase entry

Question 42

What act as tumuor suppressors?

Answer 42

CDK inhibitor proteins (CDKIs)

Question 43

Unipotent

Answer 43

Can differentiate but have the ability of self renewal (progenitor cells)

Question 44

Multipotent

Answer 44

Limited number of cell types in particular lineage

Question 45

Pluripotent

Answer 45

Give rise to any type of embryonic stem cell - make up the body (most common)

Question 46

Totipotent

Answer 46

Able to give rise to any type of cell type including placental cells

Question 47

Parent cell in meiosis?

Answer 47

Diploid (46 chromosomes)

Question 48

Daughter cell in meiosis?

Answer 48

- Haploid (23 chromosomes)

Question 49

What division happens in somatic cells?

Answer 49

Mitosis

Question 50

What division happens in germ cells?

Answer 50

Meiosis

Question 51

Define cell differentiation

Answer 51

Process by which a cell becomes specialised