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Cardiorespiratory CC > Blood groups + transfusions > Flashcards

Blood groups + transfusions Flashcards

1
Q

Blood group locations

A

Located on surface of RBC

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2
Q

RBC

A

Lipid bilayer

Sugar residues + proteins in it

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3
Q

Sugar residues on RBC

A

Form one type of blood group system e.g. ABO

Determined by genes

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4
Q

Proteins on RBC

A

Form another type of blood group system e.g. Rhesus (Rh)

Determined by genes

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5
Q

Number of antigens

A

Over 300

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6
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobins in plasma which react specifically with their antigen

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7
Q

Autoantibodies

A

React with antigens present on person’s own red cells

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8
Q

Alloantibodies

A

Produced by the person against antigens not present on person’s own red cells

  • -> naturally occurring (exposure to environment)
  • -> immune (contact with antigen)
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9
Q

Agglutination

A

Occurs when antigen mixed with corresponding antibody

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10
Q

ABO Blood groups

A

Defined by presence or absence of polysaccharide antigens A and B

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11
Q

Antibodies against antigens A and B

A

Naturally occurring antibodies (IgM) against these antigens in negative individuals

  • -> Anti-A
  • -> Anti-B
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12
Q

IgM

A

Cold-acting –> bind at room temp

Activate complement

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13
Q

Blood Group A

A

Has anti-B in plasma

–> will be agglutinated by anti-A

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14
Q

Blood group B

A

Has anti-A in plasma

–> will be agglutinated by anti-B

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15
Q

Blood group O

A

Has anti-A and anti-B in plasma

–> will not be agglutinated

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16
Q

Blood group AB

A

No ABO antibody in plasma

Will be agglutinated by anti-a and anti-b

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

Antigens detectable on red cell membrane

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18
Q

Genotype

A

Antigens encoded in DNA (1 copy from each parent)

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19
Q

A Phenotype

A

AA
AO
Genotypes

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20
Q

B Phenotype

A

BB
BO
Genotype

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21
Q

AB Phenotype

A

AB Genotype

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22
Q

O Phenotype

A

OO Genotype

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23
Q

Rhesus proteins

A 
3 pairs of proteins
Inherited as triplet from each parent
D or d (d= no D)
C or c
E or e
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24
Q

Rhesus antibodies

A

Immune only

Will only be produced if person is exposed to antigen through transfusion, pregnancy or transplantation

25
Q

D antigen

A

Most clinically important
80% People without D antigen will develop anti-D if not exposed to it
D either present or absent

26
Q

D positive

A

No anti-D antibodies

27
Q

D negative

A

anti-D antibodies (only produced if contact with D positive)

28
Q

CcDE red cells

A

Agglutinate with anti-C, anti-c, anti-D and anti-E but not anti-e

29
Q

cdE red cells

A

Agglutinate with anti-c, anti-E

30
Q

Patient RhD positive

A

Donor can be RhD positive or negative

31
Q

Patient RhD negative

A

Donor RhD negative

Avoid giving RhD +ve blood to RhD negative, especially women of child bearing potential

32
Q

Haemolytic disease of foetus and newborn

A

Can occur when mother is Rh- and father Rh+

–> baby can be Rh+

33
Q

First pregnancy haemolytic disease

A

Nothing much happens
Antibodies being sent in one direction from mother to child
During birth= blood mixed + anti-D antibodies are produced

34
Q

Second pregnancy haemolytic disease

A

anti-D stimulated, crosses placenta and destroys foetal red cells

35
Q

Haemolytic disease MOA

A

Rh + father

Rh- mother carrying first Rh+ foetus

Rh antigens from developing foetus can enter mother’s blood during delivery

In response to foetal Rh antigens, mother produces anti-Rh antibodies

If women becomes pregnant with another Rh+ foetus, anti-Rh antibodies will cross placenta + damage foetal red blood cells

36
Q

Haemolytic disease consequences

A 
Foetal anaemia (can be fatal)
Neonatal jaundice (can cause brain damage)
Kernicterus (bilirubin build up can cause neurological damage)
37
Q

Haemolytic disease treatment

A

Prophylaxis after a sensitising event during pregnancy
–> prophylactic anti-D Ig to all negative mothers in 3rd trimester
Postnatally is baby is D-positive

38
Q

Red cell transfusion

A

Unit with most plasma removed

39
Q

Red cells in additive solution transfusion

A

With most plasma

White cells + platelets removed

40
Q

Leukocyte-depleted red cells transfusion

A

99.9% of white cells removed

41
Q

Reasons for transfusion

A 
Anaemia
Bone marrow failure
Sickle cell disease
Malaria 
Acute blood loss
42
Q

Red cell storage temp

A

4 degrees

43
Q

Red cell shelf life

A

35 days

44
Q

Clinical use of red cells

A 
Blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Haemolysis
Inherited haemoglobin disorders
Anaemia due to iron, B12 or folate deficiency- avoid transfusion, give haematinic replacement therapy
45
Q

Immune complication to Transfusion

A

Acute haemolytic transfusion reaction
Febrile non-haemolytic
Allergic (anaphylaxis)
Post transfusion purpura

46
Q

Non-immune complication to Transfusion

A

Fluid overload

Iron overload

47
Q

AB person transfusion

A

Can receive A, B and O cells a contain no ABO antibody

48
Q

AB person giving transfusion

A

Can’t be given to A, B or O

49
Q

O person giving transfusion

A

Can be given to any blood type

Resistant to anti-a, anti-b or anti-AB

50
Q

O person transfusion

A

O cannot receive A and B cells because contains anti-a or anti-b

51
Q

Rhesus positive

A

Not to pregnant

But can be given to men in need of massive transfusion

52
Q

Patient Group O

A

Can be given O, A, B or AB

53
Q

Patient Group A

A

Can be given A or AB

54
Q

Patient Group B

A

Can be given B or AB

55
Q

Patient Group AB

A

Can be given AB

56
Q

Organising a transfusion

A 
Blood grouping (ABO and RhD typing)
Antibody screening (detects atypical antibodies)
Cross matching (mix donor red cells + patient serum)
57
Q

Transfusion reaction symptoms

A

Restless
Flushing
Anxiety
Abdo pain

58
Q

Transfusion reaction Signs

A

Fever
Hypotension
Haemoglobinuria

59
Q

Transfusion reaction what to do

A

STOP TRANSFUSION
Maintain venous access with saline
Commence resuscitation

Cardiorespiratory CC (34 decks)

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