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Cardiorespiratory CC > Obstructive Lung Disorder > Flashcards

Obstructive Lung Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

Male tidal volume

A

7ml/kg

About 560ml

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2
Q

Inspiratory Reserve

A

2-3L

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3
Q

Expiratory Reserve

A

1L

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4
Q

Dead space

A

Volume of respiratory tree that does not take part in gas exchange
Everything except terminal alveoli

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5
Q

Vital capacity woman

A

3-3.5L

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6
Q

Peak Flow

A

Used to monitor effectiveness of treatment

As treatment starts to work, it increases

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7
Q

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

A

80-90%

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8
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease FEV1

A

Reduced due to narrowed airways

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9
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease FVC

A

Normal or nearly normal

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10
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease FEV1/FVC Ratio

A

Reduced

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11
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio Asthma

A

40%

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12
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio Mild obstruction

A

61-69%

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13
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio Moderate obstruction

A

45-60%

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14
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio Severe obstruction

A

<45%

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15
Q

Smoking

A

Replacement of elastin with collagen
Flow reduced
Reduces FEV1

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16
Q

Asthma essential features

A

Bronchoconstriction- airflow limitation
Hyper-secretion of mucus- clogs up airways + restricts flow more
Airway inflammation- chronic inflammation + oedema in those not managing asthma well

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17
Q

Asthma Diagnosis

A

Spirometry
Peak Flow
FEV1/FVC

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18
Q

Asthma Symptoms

A

Cough especially at night
Cough after exercise
Tightness after allergen exposure
Colds that last more than 10 days

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19
Q

Asthma signs

A 
Wheezing during normal breathing
Hyper-expansion of thorax
Increased nasal secretions
Allergic skin conditions
REDUCED PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW
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20
Q

Peak Expiratory Flow Asthma

A

Reduced

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21
Q

Substances that Trigger Asthma

A 
Air pollutants
Pollens, mites + moulds
Animal dander
Medication
Foods
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22
Q

What causes Asthma

A

Inhaled particles act as antigens
Get trapped in mucus in airways
Bind to IgG antibodies on APCs
Stimulates CD4+ to release Interleukins 4+5
Interleukins stimulate B cells
B cells produce IgG antibody specific to antigen

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23
Q

Most common Ig

24
Q

First Ig to be made

25
Ig least common in serum
Ig-E | Binds tightly to basophils + mast cells before interacting with antigen
26
Asthma Reaction MOA
T Cells release extra Interleukins- IL13 Stimulates B cells to become plasma cells- make IgE as well as IgG Ig-E attaches to mast cells Next time that specific antigen is inhaled, mast cells release histamine + pro-inflammatory cytokines (including prostaglandin)
27
Mast cell secretions cause..
Local inflammation- oedema Bronchoconstriction Mucus Secretion
28
Phosphodiesterase
Enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP | Needed for release of pro-inflammatory mediators
29
Delayed Asthma Treatment
Repeated exposure- cytokines cause eosinophils + polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to migrate into the lung tissue Eosinophils stimulated- release enzymes that increase inflammation + epithelial damage
30
Stimulated Eosinophils
More powerful vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction Increased mucus secretion Damage epithelial cells- less cilia- less mucus moved
31
Bronchodilators
Beta 2 agonists Anti-muscarinics Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
32
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Steroids Leukotriene antagonists Anti Ig-E agonists
33
Beta 2 agonists MOA
Mimic effect of adrenaline | Relieve acute symptoms
34
Short Acting Beta 2 agonists
Salbutamol Terbutaline Bitolerol Fenoterol
35
Long Acting Beta 2 agonists (LABA)
Fermoterol Bambuterol Clenbuterol
36
Anti-muscarinics MOA
Block parasympathetic bronchoconstriction and mucus hypersecretion Antagonise M3 muscarinic receptors
37
Anti-muscarinics examples
Ipratropium | Tiotropium
38
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors MOA
Prevent formation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from mast cells and eosinophils
39
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Theophylline | Aminophylline
40
Monoclonal Antibody
Omalizumab Downregulates Ig-E receptors and stabilises mast cells Used to control severe allergic asthma that doesn't respond to high doses of corticosteroids
41
Magnesium
IV in emergencies Reduces smooth muscle contractility Antagonist to calcium
42
Corticosteroids
Reduce bronchoconstriction, oedema + mucus formation Stimulation of beta-2 gene expression Suppression of expression of inflammatory genes
43
Steroids
Help control asthma | Does not cure it
44
Corticosteroids example
Beclomethasone Dipropionate Fluticasone
45
Spacers
Improve penetration of inhaled drugs into lungs
46
Nebuilsers
Produce inhaled mist of medication
47
COPD
Chronic bronchitis + Emphysema combination
48
Chronic Bronchitis
Presence of chronic productive cough without discernible cause for more than half the time over two years
49
Chronic bronchitis features
Hypertrophy of bronchial glands Hypersecretion Mucous plugs Infection/inflammation
50
Chronic bronchitis cause
Exposure to airborne irritants
51
Chronic bronchitis histology
Squamous cell proliferation | Massive mucous gland enlargement
52
Emphysema
Enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles Destruction of lung stroma- bullae Floppy airways- cause obstruction
53
Smoking + emphysema
Stimulates polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) to release serine elastase Smoke inactivates elastase inhibitor alpha1-antitrypsin Allows elastase to destroy elastic tissue of lung
54
COPD + asthma similarity
Wheezy bronchitis
55
COPD vs Asthma
COPD- non-reversible- actual damage to lungs | Asthma- reversible- symptoms can be reversed
56
COPD + flow-volume loops
Same inspiration But expiration difficult --> top of x line is scooped, but below x is normal Expiration ends prematurely Inspiratory capacity reduced
57
Why is expiration bad in COPD
Expiration usually passive due to elastic recoil | Needs to be forced- much less

Cardiorespiratory CC (34 decks)

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