blood & heart Flashcards
(28 cards)
cardiac output equation
= stroke volume * heart rate
4800 mL = 60 mL * 80
systolic vs diastolic
systolic = force produced by heart when it pumps blood out to the body
diastolic = pressure in blood vessels when heart is at rest
stroke volume
edv - esv
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
systole
ventricular contraction
(shorter, takes 1/3 of cardiac cycle)
- ventricles contract, pump blood out of heart into vascular system
- begins with av valves closure and ends w pulmonary valves closing
diastole
ventricular relaxation and expansion
(longer, 2/3 of the cardiac cycle)
- ventricles relax and fill with blood which flows from the atria
- phase starts w/ closure of pulmonary valves and ends with closure of av valves
heart layers
outermost
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium; parietal layer
- (space) serous pericardium; pericardial cavity
- serous pericardium; visceral layer (epicardium)
- myocardium
- endocardium
innermost
systemic vs pulmonary
systemic: blood vessels nourish the organ systems and upper&lower body
pulmonary: blood vessels go to left &right lungs only
oxygenated
left atrium, left ventricle
pulmonary veins
aorta
deoxygenated
right atrium, right ventricle
pulmonary artiers
superior & inferior vena cava
pulmonary trunk
artery vs vein
artery has no valves, smaller lumen, and thicker smooth muscle layer
vein has a valve, larger lumen, thinner smooth muscle layer
layers of artery/veins
deep
endothelium (tunica intima)
subendothelial layer (tunica intima)
—> internal elastic membrane
smooth muscle (tunica media)
—> external elastic membrane
tunic externa
outer
blood functions
- transports oxygen from lungs to body cells, brings waste carbon dioxide to the lungs
- transports nutrients and hormones
- regulates body temperature
- protects from pathogens
- clots to prevent blood loss at sites of injury
55% of blood
plasma (matrix), yellowish in color
90% water, rest is suspended blood cells and nutrients
- carries electrolytes, enzymes, homrones
- maintains homeostasis by releasing heat
- transports waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine) to unitary system to leave body in the urine
45% of blood
formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets
- blood formed in hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow differentiates into RBC (40-45%), WBC (1%), and megakaryocytes (break off into platelets that contain chemicals that promote blood clotting at site of injury)
- as RBC mature, they produce hemoglobin and eject nuclei + organelles to make room for efficient gas transport
- cells in liver produce hormone to stimulate RBC production
AB vs O
A and B alleles are dominant
O is recessive
blood type O alleles
ii
blood type A alleles
AA or Ao
blood type B alleles
BB or Bo
blood type AB alleles
A and B
plasma
carries dissolved substances to the body cells
thickest layer in heart
myocardium
type of blood vessel w/ a pulse
arteries, carrying blood away from heart
lub dub sound
mitral and tricuspid valves closing
what connects other vessels allowing blood to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
capillaries
