midterm

Question 1

negative feedback loop examples

Answer 1

• blood sugar rises, insulin brings down
• vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 2

positive feedback loop examples

Answer 2

• birthing contractions

Question 3

epithelial tissue

Answer 3

body surfaces, hollow organs, glands

Question 4

connective tissues

Answer 4

binds organs together, energy reserves for fat

Question 5

muscle tissues

Answer 5

movement and force

Question 6

nervous tissue

Answer 6

stimulates action potential body functions

Question 7

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 7

filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion

kidney, lungs, heart & blood vessels

Question 8

simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 8

secretion, absorption

kidney tubes, ovary surface

Question 9

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 9

moves fluids and particles along passageways

respiratory tract, Fallopian tubes, sinuses

Question 10

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 10

stratified = 2+ layer

many layers of flat cells

skin & mouth

Question 11

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 11

2 layers of cube shaped cells

glands

Question 12

stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 12

(rare) layers of column like cells

throat, male urethra

Question 13

pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 13

seems like multiple layer b/c mixed cells, but actually 1 layer

muscle secretion & movement

respiratory tract

Question 14

skeletal muscle

Answer 14

attached to bones or facial muscles

shape: single, long, cylindrical, straited
components: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
regulation: voluntary
speed: slow -> fast
rhythmic: no

Question 15

cardiac muscle

Answer 15

walls of the heart

shape: branching chains of cells, striations + discs
components: endomysium, attached to fibrous skeleton of heart
regulation: involuntary
speed: slow
rhythmic: yes

Question 16

smooth muscle

Answer 16

walls of hollow organs other than heart

shape: single, no striations (egg thing)
components: endomysium
regulation: involuntary
speed: very slow
rhythmic: yes, for some

Question 17

simple diffusion

Answer 17

diffusion w/o transport proteins or ATP (like oxygen)

Question 18

facilitated diffusion

Answer 18

passage across membrane through transport protein

Question 19

osmosis

Answer 19

diffusion of water molecules across selectively permeable membranes

Question 20

isotonic

Answer 20

equal

Question 21

hypotonic

Answer 21

higher concentration of solvent than solute, wants to enter bc theres more outside

BLOW

Question 22

hypertonic

Answer 22

lower concentration of solvent than solute, wants to exit because theres more inside

SHRIVEL

Question 23

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 23

eukayrotic = human, animal
prokaryotic = bacteria

Question 24

blood plasma typical solute concentration

Answer 24

0.9%

Question 25

keratinocytes

Answer 25

90% produce keratin

Question 26

langerhan cells

Answer 26

@ bone marrow assist in immune response

Question 27

fibroblast cells

Answer 27

produce collagen

Question 28

merkell cells

Answer 28

@ deepest layer detect touch stimuli and transmits it to sensory nerves

Question 29

melanocytes

Answer 29

8% produce melanin

Question 30

endocrine gland

Answer 30

release hormones directly in bloodstream, no ducts

Question 31

exocrine

Answer 31

release substance through ducts (sweat, sebaceous)

Question 32

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Answer 32

eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands

Question 33

eccrine sweat glands

Answer 33

most areas of skin – within dermis, with duct, to surface

Question 34

apocrine sweat glands

Answer 34

armpit & pubic region, secretions more milky

Question 35

sebaceous oil glands

Answer 35

sebum: cholesterol, proteins, fat, salts - keep hair soft and pliable -inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi acne: -bacterial inflammation of gland

Question 36

wound healing

Answer 36

1) inflammatory phase: clot unites wound edges 2) migratory phase: regrowth of epithelial tissues and fibroblast scar tissue 3) proliferative phase: completion of tissue formation 4) maturation phase: scab falls off

Question 37

skin cancers

Answer 37

basal cell carcinoma - rarely metastasize squamous cell carcinoma - may metstarize malignant melanoma - metastasize rapidly

Question 38

meisseners corpuscle

Answer 38

found in the dermal papillae, light touch

Question 39

pacinian corpuscles

Answer 39

deeper layers of skin and other connective tissues like joint capsules - deep pressure

Question 40

myosin vs actin

Answer 40

myosin : thick filament actin : thin filament

Question 41

bundles of muscle fibers

Answer 41

fascicles

Question 42

contractile unit of muscle cells

Answer 42

sarcomere

Question 43

cell membrane of muscle cells

Answer 43

sarcolemma

Question 44

muscle contraction

Answer 44

1. In a resting muscle, the protein tropomyosin blocks the active sites on the actin filament, preventing the binding of myosin heads to actin. 2. Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a specialized organelle in muscle cells, and are not freely available in the cytoplasm. 3. When a nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the muscle fiber, it is transmitted along the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) and down the T-tubules. 4. This electrical signal triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm. 5. The released calcium ions bind to the troponin protein, which is part of the actin filament complex which reveals binding sites for myosin head to form a cross-bridge. 6. Troponin undergoes a conformational change, which moves tropomyosin away from the active binding sites on actin. 7. Myosin heads use energy from ATP to pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere in a process called the power stroke. This shortens the sarcomere and produces muscle contraction. 8. When the nerve impulse ends, calcium ions are actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by calcium pumps (using ATP). 9. As calcium levels in the cytoplasm decrease, troponin returns to its original shape, allowing tropomyosin to block the actin active sites again. This allows the muscle to relax.