pee unit

Question 1

kidney functions

Answer 1

-vitamin d production
- blood calcium levels
- extracellular fluid volume

• make BMP 7 protein that stimulates bone growth

Question 2

kidney part functions

Answer 2

renal capsule: membrane
renal cortex: lightly coloured outer
renal medulla: dark coloured inner
renal pelvis: collects urine, directs to ureter

Question 3

nephron facts

Answer 3

-millions
-filter every bit of blood 20-25 times
- no RBC filtered out

Question 4

filtration

Answer 4

• blood volume undergoes glomerular filtration
• filtered by pressure in glomerulus (capillaries around Bowmans capsule)
• filtrate becomes urine and passes thru PROXIMAL TUBE

Question 5

secretion

Answer 5

• waste substances (ions, drugs, etc) move into DISTAL AND COLLECTING TUBULES
• moves substances out of blood and turns them into urine

Question 6

reabsorption

Answer 6

• move substances back into the blood
• small molecules grabbed by TRANSPORTER PROTEINS and reabsorbed into filtrate

higher concentration of molecule + slower rate of flow ==> more reabsorbed

Question 7

ADH

Answer 7

• posterior pituitary
• reabsorption of water within nephron - constriction of vessels

Question 8

aldosterone

Answer 8

• adrenal glands
• sodium and water reabsorption in nephrons

Question 9

both ADH & aldosterone

Answer 9

promote fluid retention
increase blood volume and pressure

respond to situations like DEHYDRATION

Question 10

> too much water

Answer 10

• hypothalamus detects too much water
• pituitary gland releases ADH
• kidneys remove water from blood
• more water lost into urine, urine diluted
• blood water level returns to normal

Question 11

too little water

Answer 11

> hypothalamus detects too little water
pituitary gland releases ADH
kidneys remove less water, less water into urine
person is thirsty -> drinks water
blood water returns to normal

Question 12

diabetes insipidus

Answer 12

caused by lack of ADH production from hypothalamus

Question 13

gestational diabetes

Answer 13

placenta produces hormones to block effects of insulin

Question 14

UTI

Answer 14

infection anywhere in urinary system
- cause day bacteria like E. coli

Question 15

kidney stones

Answer 15

hard mineral and salt deposits form inside kidneys, causing pain through blockage

Question 16

ketoacidosis

Answer 16

body produces too many ketones (when acids body makes when it breaks down fat instead of glucose)

Question 17

kidney failure

Answer 17

kidneys lose ability to filter waste, balance fluids, regulate electrolytes

Question 18

acute kidney failure (AKF)

Answer 18

• happens suddenly
• reversible if treated quickly
• causes: severe dehydration, infection, etc

Question 19

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Answer 19

• develops slowly over months/years
• irreversible
• causes: diabetes, high blood pressure, infections, genetic conditions

Question 20

urinalysis

Answer 20

test determining contents of urine

Question 21

NORMAL URINE

Answer 21

macro: color (yellow), clarity (clear)
chemical: pH (4.6-8), specific gravity (1.002-1.028)
chemical: NO ketones, protein (0-8mg/dl, no glucose
micro: no RBC, no WBC, epithelial cells, common crystals