Blood & Hemopoiesis

Question 1

During a red blood cell count test, what is a normal range?

Answer 1

4.7-6.1

Question 2

What are the units of red blood cells?

Answer 2

X 1,000,000/microliters

Question 3

During a white blood cell count test, what is a normal range?

Answer 3

4.8-10.8

Question 4

What are the units of white blood cells?

Answer 4

X 1,000/microliters

Question 5

During a hematocrit test, what is a normal range?

Answer 5

42%-52%

Question 6

During a platelet count test, what is a normal range?

Answer 6

160-360

Question 7

What are the units for platelet counts?

Answer 7

X 1,000/microliters

Question 8

During a red cell distribution width (RDW) test, what is a normal range?

Answer 8

11.6%-14.6%

Question 9

What can cause red cell distribution width to change?

Answer 9

some disorders

Question 10

Blood is composed of more ____ substance than cells.

Answer 10

ground

Question 11

What is the ground substance of blood?

Answer 11

blood plasma

Question 12

Why are erythrocytes (red blood cells) typically not considered cells and how can they be considered cells on the same token?

Answer 12

Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus but they do have a nucleus at some point in their lifetime, so they can be considered cells.

Question 13

What is a routine blood test called which physicians can perform to test for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

Answer 13

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Question 14

How is blood usually prepared on a slide and what stain is used?

Answer 14

blood film or blood smear
Wright’s stain

Question 15

What is Wright’s stain composed of?

Answer 15

methylene blue, methylene azure, and eosin

Question 16

When chosen to study blood cells in bone marrow or tissue sections, what is the stain of choice?

Answer 16

Giemsa stain

Question 17

Blood is composed of roughly 45% ____, and 55% ____.

Answer 17

formed elements; blood plasma

Question 18

What are the formed elements that compose 45% of blood?

Answer 18

• erythrocytes (37-52%)
• platelets (<1%)
• leukocytes (<1%)

Question 19

What is the composition of blood plasma?

Answer 19

• water (92%)
• mixture of proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, gases, enzymes, and hormones (8%)

Question 20

What derives from plasma cells which develops from one of the white blood cell types (B lymphocytes)?

Answer 20

gamma globuins

Question 21

When a blood vessel is injured, a complex cascade of reactions converts this to a sticky protein, ____, which constitutes the matrix of a blood clot. If blood is allowed to clot, then centrifuged to separate the clot from the remaining fluid, that fluid is called ____ ____.

Answer 21

fibrin; blood serum

Question 22

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?

Answer 22

to transport oxygen to parts of the body and carbon dioxide away from parts of the body

Question 23

What are red blood cells primarily composed of which they synthesize during their development in the red bone marrow?

Answer 23

hemoglobin

Question 24

What happens when the nucleus degenrates in RBCs?

Answer 24

The center of the RBC collapses (doughnut shape)

Question 25

What organelle do red blood cells lack that makes them entirely reliant on anaerobic fermentation to meet their ATP needs?

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

What prevents red blood cells from consuming the oxygen which they must carry around the body?

Answer 26

anaerobic fermentation

Question 27

What "tags" old red blood cells to be destroyed by macrophages?

Answer 27

oligosaccharide surface tags

Question 28

Which parts of the body degrade liberated hemoglobin after macrophage destructuion of RBCs?

Answer 28

the spleen and liver

Question 29

When RBCs are being broken down at a rapid rate, as in malaria and other hemolytic diseases, the spleen becomes markedly enlarged. ____ is therefore a clinical indication of a possible hemolytic disorder.

Answer 29

splenomegaly

Question 30

How many red blood cells does a healthy adult produce per second?

Answer 30

2.5 million/second

Question 31

What is the replacement process that occurs in the bone marrow called?

Answer 31

erythropoiesis

Question 32

What cell does erythropoisis begin with?

Answer 32

multipotent hemopoietic stem cell

Question 33

Which kind of cells are involved in defense of the body in one way or another?

Answer 33

leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

Question 34

What are the two major classifications of white blood cells?

Answer 34

* granulocytes * agranulocytes

Question 35

All WBCs contain nonspecific ____ which are organelles such as lysosomes that are near the threshold of resolution of the light microscope.

Answer 35

granules | Only agranulocytes have nonspecific granules

Question 36

Which WBC is easiest to find on a blood film and have very small specific granules containing lysozymes, peroxidase, and other antibotic agents? It constitutes 60-70% of the entire WBC count.

Answer 36

neutrophils

Question 37

Which WBC makes up 2-4% of the entire WBC count and typically have a bilobed nucleus?

Answer 37

eosinophils | typically have rosy or orange acidophillic granules

Question 38

What is the rarest of WBC types where the basophil nucleus is usually U or S shaped but this is characteristic of little use?

Answer 38

basophils

Question 39

What are the smallest but second most abundant WBCs with three classes of sizes: small, medium, and large?

Answer 39

lymphocytes

Question 40

Which kind of lymphocytes attack precancerous cells, destroying them before they can form tumors or spread infection to other cells?

Answer 40

natural killer (NK)

Question 41

Which kind of lymphocytes become plasma cells in the connective tissue and secrete antibodies?

Answer 41

B cells

Question 42

Which kind of lymphocytes directly attack pathogens and are central actors in cellular immunity?

Answer 42

T cells

Question 43

What are the largest WBCs and consititue about 3-8% of the WBC count? The nucleus usually stains light blue or pink and is often C-shaped or kidney-shaped.

Answer 43

Monocytes

Question 44

Monocytes become functional only after migrating into the connective tissues and becoming ____.

Answer 44

macrophages

Question 45

What is the production of white blood cells called?

Answer 45

leukopoiesis

Question 46

____ are small cytoplasmic fragments of giant bone marrow cells called megakaryoctes.

Answer 46

platelets

Question 47

Platlets contribute to the production of ____, an enzyme that dissolves old clots.

Answer 47

plasmin