Digestive System II

Question 1

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

Answer 1

1) mucosa (mucous membrane)
2) submucosa
3) Muscularis externa
4) Adventitia or Serosa

Question 2

What is the thin covering or sac that holds all the intestines and organs in place in the torso of the body?

Answer 2

mesentaries

Question 3

The inner layer of the GI tract, the mucosa, is composed of what three layers (from innermost to outermost)?

Answer 3

1) epithelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosae

Question 4

The third layer of the GI tract, the musculari externa, is composed of what two layers (from innermost to outermost)?

Answer 4

1) inner circular layer
2) outer longitudinal layer

Question 5

The external layer of the GI tract, the adevntitia or serosa, is composed of what?

Answer 5

1) areolar tissue
2) mesothelium

Question 6

Which layer of the GI tract wall is composed of smooth muscle?

Answer 6

muscularis externa

Question 7

What are the two nerve plexi in the GI tract wall?

Answer 7

1) submucosal nerve plexus
2) myenteric nerve plexus

Question 8

What is the nervous system the controls the gut called?

Answer 8

Enteric nervous system

Question 9

Which nerve plexus of the ENS regulates mucosal tension and folding, and secretion of mucosal glands?

Answer 9

submucosal nerve plexus

Question 10

Which nerve plexus regulates peristalsis of the submucosal plexus?

Answer 10

myenteric plexus

Question 11

The esophagus extends from which two functioning points at the cardiac orifice?

Answer 11

From the upper esphogeal sphincter to the lower esophogeal sphincter

Question 12

What kind of epithelium makes up the esophagus?

Answer 12

nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium

Question 13

Which two glands are found in the esophagus?

Answer 13

1) mucous submucosal glands
2) esophageal glands

Question 14

The muscularis externa has an inner ____ muscle layer and an outer ____ muscle layer.

Answer 14

circular; longitudinal

Question 15

Which layer in the esophagus are esophageal glands located?

Answer 15

lamina propria

Question 16

What is the boundary located between the submucosal glands and the esophageal glands?

Answer 16

gastroesophageal junction

Question 17

What are folds within the stomach called that grind chunks of food?

Answer 17

gastric rugae

Question 18

Food enters into the stomach from the ____ and exits the stomach through the ____.

Answer 18

esophagus; duodenum

Question 19

The muscular layers of the stomach are found in what layer?

Answer 19

muscularis externa

Question 20

What is the mucous layer of the stomach composed of?

Answer 20

1) epithelium
2) gastric pits
3) glands
4) lamina propria
5) muscularis mucosae

Question 21

What is the submucosa layer of the stomach composed of?

Answer 21

1) connective tissue
2) blood vessels
3) submucosal plexus

Question 22

What is the muscularis externa layer of the stomach composed of?

Answer 22

1) three muscle layers
2) myenteric plexus

Question 23

Which special cells are associated with gastric pits (two kinds)?

Answer 23

parietal cells and goblet cells

Question 24

Which kind of epithelium are gastric pits lined with?

Answer 24

simple columnar epithelium

Question 25

What opens into the base of each gastric pit?

Answer 25

gastric glands

Question 26

Which kind of glands dominate the stomach? Why is this?

Answer 26

mucous glands; it helps prevent corrosion

Question 27

What are the three glands found in the stomach?

Answer 27

1) cardiac glands 2) pyloric glands 3) gastric glands

Question 28

Which glands of the stomach are composed of shallow gastric pits, a long gland, and is purely mucous? Which region are they found?

Answer 28

cardiac glands; cardiac region

Question 29

Which glands of the stomach have deep gastric pits, are shorter glands, are loosely arrayed in the lamina propria, and are purely mucous? What region are they found?

Answer 29

pyloric glands; pyloric region

Question 30

Which glands of the stomach have a mouth, neck, body, and fundus and have five types of cells? What region are they found?

Answer 30

gastric glands; fundus, body, and most of the pyloric region

Question 31

What are the five cells of the gastric glands?

Answer 31

1) stem (regenerative) cells 2) mucous neck cells 3) parietal (oxyntic) cells 4) chief (zymogenic) cells 5) enteroendocrine cells

Question 32

Which two cells of the gastric glands secrete proteins?

Answer 32

* parietal (oxyntic) cells * chief (zymogenic) cells

Question 33

What do **parietal cells** secrete in the gastric glands?

Answer 33

* hydrochloric acid (HCl) - pH 8 * Intrisic factors

Question 34

What do **chief cells** secrete in the gastric glands?

Answer 34

* pepsinogen * gastric lipase (infants) * chymosin (infants)

Question 35

What do **enteroendocrine cells** secret in the gastric glands?

Answer 35

* hormones * paracrines

Question 36

What do **mucous neck cells** secrete in the gastric glands?

Answer 36

mucus

Question 37

Purposes of hydrochloric acid: 1) activates ____ and ____ lipase 2) breaks up connective tissues and ____ fiber (collagen and cellulose) 3) converts Fe3+ to ____. 4) nonspecific disease resistance aka ____ properties

Answer 37

1) pepsin; lingual 2) plant 3) Fe2+ 4) antibacterial

Question 38

Which region of the stomach have the deepest gastric pits?

Answer 38

pyloric stomach

Question 39

The gastric pits in the pyloric region of the stomach are somewhat ____, giving a sawtooth appearnce.

Answer 39

coiled

Question 40

What do **G cells** in the stomach secrete?

Answer 40

gastrin

Question 41

What do **ECL** cells in the stomach secrete?

Answer 41

histamine

Question 42

What do **D cells** in the stomach secrete?

Answer 42

somatostatin

Question 43

What is the *function* of the **parietal cells** secretion?

Answer 43

* Kills microbes and activates pepsinogen * Bind Vitamin B12 to allow its absorption

Question 44

What is the *function* of the **chief cells** secretion?

Answer 44

* protein digestion * fat digestion

Question 45

What is the *function* of the **G cells** secretion?

Answer 45

stimulates gastric acid secretion

Question 46

What is the *function* of the **ECL cells** secretion?

Answer 46

stimulates gastric acid secretion

Question 47

What is the *function* of the **mucus-neck cells** secretion?

Answer 47

protects stomach epithelium from acid

Question 48

What is the *function* of the **D cells** secretion?

Answer 48

inhibits gastric acid secretion

Question 49

Even though HCl kills most bacteria in the stomach, which bacteria sits deep within the stomach and can cause ulcers?

Answer 49

H. pylori

Question 50

At what point does the small intestine start, and where does it end?

Answer 50

starts - pyloric sphincter ends - ileocecal valve

Question 51

What is the order of the regions of the small intestine called starting from where food travels through **first** to where it **ends**?

Answer 51

1) duodenum 2) jejunum 3) ileum

Question 52

Which portion of the small intestine includes chyme, bile, and pancreatic juice?

Answer 52

duodenum

Question 53

Which portion of the small intestine is the site of most digestion and absorption?

Answer 53

jejunum

Question 54

Which portion of the small intestine has a thinner wall, and is the site of the rest of digestive and absorption properties?

Answer 54

ileum

Question 55

What is the upper region of the small intestine called (duodenum region)?

Answer 55

epigastric region

Question 56

What is the middle region of the small intestine called (jejunum)?

Answer 56

umbilical region

Question 57

What is the lower region of the small intestine called (ileum)?

Answer 57

hypogastric region

Question 58

What are the four things that increases intestinal surface area?

Answer 58

1) length 2) circular folds 3) villi 4) microvilli

Question 59

What is the total surface area of the small intestine?

Answer 59

~2150 square feet

Question 60

What is the main factor which increases surface area in the small intestine which is mainly prevalent in the jejunum?

Answer 60

circular folds (pilcae circulares, valves of Kerckring)

Question 61

Why is a large surface area important in the small intestine?

Answer 61

* slows the progression of chyme * makes chyme spiral down the intestine * increases epithelial contact for digestion and absorption

Question 62

Which type of villi has a ridge-like appearance?

Answer 62

foliate villi

Question 63

Which type of villi has a tounge-shaped appearance?

Answer 63

linguiform villi

Question 64

Which component of villi helps transport lipid molecules?

Answer 64

lacteal

Question 65

What are the absorption cells called in villi?

Answer 65

enterocytes

Question 66

What type of cells are located on villi and aid in secretions (different from absorption cells?

Answer 66

goblet cells

Question 67

What is a dense cytoskeleton aggregation at the apical pole of the cell? What filament is anchored here?

Answer 67

terminal web; actin filaments

Question 68

Which intestinal cells secrete antibacterial lysozyme?

Answer 68

Paneth cells

Question 69

What glands within the duodenum are located in the submucosa?

Answer 69

Duodenal glands

Question 70

What is another name for duodenal glands?

Answer 70

Glands of Brunner

Question 71

Which portion of the small intestine has Peyer's patches?

Answer 71

ileum

Question 72

Which portion of the small intestine have the shortest villi and more lymphocytes than anywhere else?

Answer 72

ileum

Question 73

What are all the parts of the large intestine?

Answer 73

1) cecum 2) appendix 3) colon 4) rectum 5) anal canal

Question 74

What are the different regions of the colon?

Answer 74

1) ascending 2) transverse 3) descending 4) sigmoid

Question 75

What is the main functions of the large intestine?

Answer 75

* absorption of water and electrolytes * water conservation * consolidation of residue into feces * defaction

Question 76

What tissue is the appendix mainly composed of?

Answer 76

GALT

Question 77

What surface area enhancer does the colon have? What does it not have?

Answer 77

have - intestinal crypts doesn't have - villi, circular folds

Question 78

In the intestinal crypts of the colon, which cells give rise to neutrophils which help with anibacterial defense?

Answer 78

STEM cells

Question 79

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?

Answer 79

* internal anal sphincter * external anal sphincter

Question 80

Which sphincter in the anal canal is involuntary?

Answer 80

internal anal sphincter

Question 81

Which sphincter in the anal canal is voluntary?

Answer 81

external anal sphincter

Question 82

Which kind of muscle controls the external anal sphincter?

Answer 82

skeletal muscle