Digestive System I

Question 1

What is the main tract of the digestive system?

Answer 1

the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Question 2

What is another term for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

Answer 2

alimentary canal

Question 3

What are all the components of the GI tract?

Answer 3

1) mouth
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine
7) anal canal

Question 4

The shape of the GI tract resembles a(n) ____.

Answer 4

torus

Question 5

What does the shape of a torus look like?

Answer 5

it is donut-like

Question 6

What are the accessory organs to the GI tract? Name at least 5.

Answer 6

• lips
• tounge
• teeth
• salivary glands
• palate
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas

Question 7

What are the four main layers of the lips (labia)?

Answer 7

1) cutaneous layer (CA)
2) Red area (vermilion) (RA)
3) Oral mucosa (OM)
4) Orbicularis oris muscle (OO)

Question 8

Which layer of the lips includes the following:
* hair follicles (HF)
* sebacious glands (SbG)
* sweat glands
* keratinized epidermis

Answer 8

cutaneous area
(cue-tay-nee-us)

Question 9

Which layer of the lips includes the following:
* no hair or stratum corneum
* no glands, or only sparse
* sebaceous glands
* tall dermal papillae

Answer 9

red area (vermilion)

Question 10

Which layer of the lips includes the following:
* nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
* mucous and seromucous labial glands

Answer 10

oral mucosa

Question 11

What does the Red area (vermilion) layer of the lips NOT have?

Answer 11

it has no external layer

Question 12

What are the three main layers of the palate?

Answer 12

bone, periosteum, epithelium

Question 13

Which kind of muscles does the tounge have?

Answer 13

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 14

Describe the components and structures located at the anterior portion of the tounge.

Answer 14

• muscular
• lingual papillae
• serous glands
• seromucous glands

Question 15

Describe the components and structures located at the posterior portion of the tounge.

Answer 15

• more glandular & lymphatic
• serous glands of Von Ebner
• vallate papillae

Question 16

The tounge includes ____ nerves as well as other nerves.

Answer 16

intermediate

Question 17

The salivary glands begin as what kind of glands?

Answer 17

compound tubuloacinar glands

Question 18

What divides the compound tubuloacinar glands into lobes?

Answer 18

connective tissue stroma

Question 19

Which salivary gland is not encapsulated?

Answer 19

sublingual gland

Question 20

Which two glands are encapsulated?

Answer 20

• parotid gland
• submandibular gland

Question 21

Which protein helps digest starch in the saliva?

Answer 21

amylase

Question 22

What is the structure called where saliva is secreted?

Answer 22

acini

Question 23

What are the ducts called of the salivary glands?

Answer 23

1) acinus
2) intercalated duct
3) intralobular duct
4) interlobular duct

Question 24

What are the three kinds of acini?

Answer 24

• serous
• mucous
• mixed

Question 25

Which kind of acini have a demilune?

Answer 25

mixed acini

Question 26

What is a demilune?

Answer 26

it produces serous cells that caps the acinus

Question 27

What does the physical appearance of **serous acini** look like? What color do they stain in H&E?

Answer 27

dense, dark staining H&E: reddish violet

Question 28

What is the name for the secretory vesicles that serous acini are filled with?

Answer 28

zymogen granules (zi-moe-gin)

Question 29

Which kind of acini produces a watery, enzyme-rich secretion?

Answer 29

serous acini

Question 30

What does the physical appearance of **mucous acini** look like? What color do they stain in H&E?

Answer 30

light, frothy H&E: bluish violet

Question 31

What kind of acini produces a viscous secretion?

Answer 31

mucous acini

Question 32

What are the three kinds of ducts?

Answer 32

* intercalated * intralobular * interlobular

Question 33

Which kind of ducts are within a lobule, not surrounded by connective tissue, and are also called "striated ducts"?

Answer 33

intercalated and intralobular ducts

Question 34

Which kind of ducts are located between lobules (running throught the trabeculae), and are surrounded by connective tissue?

Answer 34

interlobular ducts

Question 35

Where is the partoid gland located?

Answer 35

in front of the ear (anterior to the auricle of the ear)

Question 36

Which kind of acini make up the paratoid gland?

Answer 36

serous acini

Question 37

What is the sickness called where the partoid gland is inflammed and swells?

Answer 37

mumps

Question 38

What kind of tissue is the paratoid gland primarily composed of?

Answer 38

adipose tissue (adipocytes)

Question 39

Where is the submandibular gland located?

Answer 39

medial to the body of the mandible (jaw)

Question 40

What is another name for the submandibular gland in some animals? Does it have a different location?

Answer 40

submaxillary no, they are located at the jaw

Question 41

Which kind of acini dominate the submandibular gland?

Answer 41

serous acini

Question 42

Which kind of acini do submandibular glands sometimes have? What structure do these often have?

Answer 42

mucous acini; serous demilunes

Question 43

Where are the sublingual glands located?

Answer 43

in the floor of the mouth

Question 44

Which kind of glands have ducts that open into the oral cavity?

Answer 44

sublingual glands

Question 45

What is the shape of acini in sublingual ducts?

Answer 45

enlongated in shape

Question 46

Which type of acini dominates the sublingual glands? What kind of serous demilunes do they have?

Answer 46

mucous acini; large serous demilunes

Question 47

Which type of acini is found only in small amount in the sublingual gland?

Answer 47

serous acini

Question 48

What part of the teeth is visible above the gumline at the very top of the tooth?

Answer 48

clinical crown

Question 49

What part of the teeth is the part above the gum attachment?

Answer 49

anatomical crown

Question 50

What part of the teeth/gums is located between the gum and the crown?

Answer 50

gingival crevice

Question 51

What part of the teeth/gums is the line of gum attachment to the tooth?

Answer 51

cervix (neck)

Question 52

What part of the teeth/gums is the deepest part to the cervix?

Answer 52

root

Question 53

What composition of the tooth covers the anatomical crown?

Answer 53

enamel

Question 54

What does enamel do? What is it not?

Answer 54

It makes the tooth hard; it is not a tissue

Question 55

What composition of the tooth is most of the bulk of the tooth, in the crown and root?

Answer 55

dentin

Question 56

What composition of the tooth covers just the root?

Answer 56

cementum

Question 57

What composition of the tooth fills the pulp cavity and root canals?

Answer 57

pulp

Question 58

What is enamel secreted by?

Answer 58

ameloblasts (contains no cells)

Question 60

What is the hardest of all materials of biological origin?

Answer 60

enamel

Question 61

What is the maximum thickness on tooth molars?

Answer 61

2.0 to 2.5 mm

Question 62

Enamel is composed of enamel ____ that extend from the surface to dentin.

Answer 62

rods (prisms)

Question 63

When and how are enamel rods (prisms) formed?

Answer 63

They are secreted by ameloblasts in layers before the tooth erupts

Question 64

What are enamel rods cemented together by? What is this composed of?

Answer 64

interrod enamel; calcified organic matter

Question 65

What does enamel show that depicts the time of growth of the tooth? What are the light ones called? What about the dark ones? (Kind of like tree rings)

Answer 65

growth zones; lines of Schreger; lines of Retzius

Question 66

In a freeze-fractured preparation of enamel, what composition shows up as light brown?

Answer 66

calcium phosphate salts

Question 67

In a freeze-fractured preparation of enamel, what composition shows up as dark brown?

Answer 67

protein matrix

Question 68

Which composition of the tooth is made up of cells and extracellular matrix and is true tissue?

Answer 68

dentin and cementum

Question 69

Where is dentin formed and by what?

Answer 69

it is formed in the pulp cavity by **odontoblasts**

Question 70

Odontoblasts extend ____ ____ into the dentinal tubules of the matrix.

Answer 70

dental fibers

Question 71

Is dentin capable of regeneration?

Answer 71

yes

Question 72

What is the external appearnce of dentinal tubules?

Answer 72

it has perforations

Question 73

What structure does dental fibers extend in to?

Answer 73

dentinal tubules

Question 74

Which composition covers the root of a tooth?

Answer 74

cementum

Question 75

Where is the cementum the thinnest?

Answer 75

near the cervix

Question 76

What are the cells that make up the cementum called?

Answer 76

cementocytes

Question 77

What are the two most prominent features in a decalcified tooth?

Answer 77

* pulp cavity * cementum

Question 78

What is another name for baby teeth?

Answer 78

deciduous teeth

Question 79

What is another name for adult teeth?

Answer 79

permanent teeth

Question 80

What is the first stage of tooth development?

Answer 80

dental lamina stage

Question 81

What kind of cells are present during the **dental lamina** stage of tooth development?

Answer 81

mesenchymal cells

Question 82

What is the second stage of tooth development called?

Answer 82

bud stage

Question 83

What structure forms in the second stage of tooth development (bud stage)?

Answer 83

dental papilla

Question 84

What is the third stage of tooth development called?

Answer 84

cap stage

Question 85

In the cap stage of tooth development, what are the three layers that form?

Answer 85

1) outer enamel epithelium (OEE) 2) inner enamel epithelium (IEE) 3) middle stellate reticulum (SR)

Question 86

What do mesenchymal cells turn into during the cap stage of tooth development?

Answer 86

dental sac --> bone crypt

Question 87

What is the fourth stage of tooth development?

Answer 87

bell stage

Question 88

What epithelium encloses into a cresent shape during the fourth stage of tooth development?

Answer 88

inner enamel epithelium

Question 89

During the bell stage of tooth development, what cells are formed from the dental papilla?

Answer 89

odontoblasts

Question 90

What is the fifth, and final, stage of tooth development?

Answer 90

apposition stage

Question 91

What happens during the **apposition stage** of tooth development?

Answer 91

Enamel and dentin are now in contact (apposition) with one another. Odontoblasts and ameloblasts are producing dentin and enamel. It deepens.

Question 92

Which membrane in the **apposition stage** leads to producing the permanent tooth?

Answer 92

succedaneous membrane (sussy-dane-ee-us)