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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Blood Vessels, Blood and the Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood Vessels, Blood and the Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main features of the blood?

A
  • Blood is highly specialised, mobile connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in plasma.
  • pH is 7.35-7.45, therefore, slightly alkaline.
  • Temperature = 38 degrees celsius.
  • Volume: Male = 5-6 litres
    Female = 4-5 litres
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2
Q

Functions of the blood:

A
  • Transportation of oxygen from lungs and carbon dioxide from the cells.
  • Transportation of nutrients from the gastrointestinal system to cells.
  • Transports waste away from cells.
  • Transports hormones from the endocrine system to other cells.
  • Protects the body by blood clotting and contains proteins to protect against disease.
  • Regulation of pH body fluids, temperature and osmotic pressure.
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3
Q

Components of the blood:

A 
55% blood plasma
45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
- per cubic mm:
--- platelets = 150,000 - 400,000
--- White blood cells = 5,000 - 10,000
--- Red blood cells = 4.8-5.4 million
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4
Q

Components of plasma:

A

91.5% water
7% plasma proteins
- Albumins: help maintain osmotic pressure
- Globulins: includes antibodies (immunoglobulins)
- Fibrinogen: for formation of blood clots
1.5% other solutes, such as, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and waste products.

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5
Q

What are the names of the stem cells that produce blood cells?

A
  • All red blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (heamocytoblast)
  • Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
  • Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements
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6
Q

Different types of white blood cells:

A 
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
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7
Q

Through what process are red blood cells formed?

A

Erythropoiesis

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8
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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10
Q

Where are worn out red blood cells destroyed?

A

Spleen, liver and phagocytise by macrophages (apoptosis)

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11
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

Biconcave

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12
Q

What do red blood cells carry?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen in haemoglobin.

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13
Q

What is the function of white blood cells (leukocytes) ?

A

Leukocytes combat pathogens and foreign substances that enter the body.

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14
Q

How long to white blood cells live?

A

Most only live a few days during response to infection.

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15
Q

Name types of lymphocytes:

A

B memory cells
T memory cells
T killer cells

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16
Q

What 2 groups are leukocytes classed into?

A

Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and manocytes.

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17
Q

What are platelets (thrombocytes) ?

A

Thrombocytes are cell fragments which are disc shaped and have no nucleus.

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18
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

When blood vessels are damaged, the platelets form a platelet plug.
Contain clotting factors to aid clotting of blood.

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19
Q

What determines blood group?

A

Antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of erythrocytes determine blood group.

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20
Q

What blood group would someone with only antigen A be?

A

Type A blood (AA)

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21
Q

What blood group would someone with only antigen B be?

A

Type B blood (BB)

22
Q

What blood group would someone with both A and B antigens be?

A

Type AB blood (AB)

23
Q

What blood group would someone with neither A or B antigens be?

A

Type O blood (OO)

24
Q

What blood group would someone with one A antigen and one O antigen be?

A

Type A blood (AO)

25
Q

What blood group would someone with one B antigen and one O antigen be?

A

Type B blood (BO)

26
Q

Which antigen does Anti-A (a agglutinin) antibody react with?

A

Antigen A

27
Q

Which antigen does Anti-B (b agglutinin) antibody react with?

A

Antigen B

28
Q

Features of the Rhesus blood group?

A
  • Antigen was discovered in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
  • People are either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (RH-) - If Rh- has an Rh+ transfusion, then anti Rh antibodies are formed.
  • If Rh+ receives anti-Rh antibodies, the red blood cells of donated blood will haemolyse (rupture).
29
Q

Describe arteries:

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart.
They are thick walled vessels to withstand blood being exerted under a high pressure.
They have to expand and recoil as blood pushes through.
Arteries are able to contract for vasoconstriction.

30
Q

How many layers are there in the walls of arteries?

A

3

31
Q

What are the names of the layers in the artery walls?

A
  • Tunica Adventitia
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunica Intima
32
Q

Which layer is the Tunica Adventitia?

A

Outer layer

33
Q

Which layer is the Tunica Media?

A

Middle layer

34
Q

Which layer is the Tunica Intima?

A

Inner layer

35
Q

What is the Tunica Adventitia made up of?

A

Elastic fibres and Collagen

36
Q

What is the Tunica Media made up of?

A

Smooth muscle with elastic fibres

37
Q

What is the Tunica Intima made up of?

A

Endothelium lining forms a smooth lining which is contact with blood.

38
Q

What layer in the artery walls is the thickest layer?

A

Tunica Media

39
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Very small arteries delivering blood to the capillary beds.

40
Q

What is the role of arterioles in in blood flow to different organs?

A

Example: In blood loss, arterioles contract/constrict to reduce blood flow to the area and this makes blood more available for essential organs in a stress response.

41
Q

What are veins?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart to be pumped to the blood tube oxygenated.

42
Q

How do veins differ from arteries?

A
  • Have the same three layers but tunica media and tunica intima are thinner, but the tunica externa is thicker than in arteries.
  • Veins have semi lunar valves which prevent the back flow of blood. The valves are made up of folds in the tunica intima.
43
Q

What are venules?

A

Venules are very small veins that transport blood from capillaries to veins.

44
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels with walls only one endothelial cell thick.

45
Q

Why are capillary walls only one cell thick?

A

They are exchange vessels whereby materials, such a nutrients, gases and tissue waste, can enter and leave the blood.

46
Q

Describe the lymphatic study:

A

The lymphatic system is a system of vessels that carry fluid from the tissues, cleans it and return it to the blood stream.

47
Q

What is the role of lymphatic capillaries?

A

They drain excess fluid from the tissues.

48
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes?

A

Fluid flows through the lymph nodes and microbes are filtered out. These microbes are then dealt with by the immune system.

49
Q

What happens after fluid flows through the lymph nodes?

A

Clean lymph fluid is returned to circulating blood.

50
Q

Why is immune response so rapid in lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes contain many immune cells.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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