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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Skin and Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Skin and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

A group of organs that work together forming cutaneous membrane (skin).

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2
Q

What does the skin do?

A

Covers the external surface of the body.

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3
Q

What are some of the accessory structures in skin?

A
  • Hair
  • Sweat and oil glands
  • Nails
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4
Q

Average surface area and weight of adult skin:

A

1.2-2.2 square meters and 4.5 kg

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5
Q

2 main layers:

A

Epidermis
Dermis
- Hypodermis - adipocyte cells

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6
Q

Describe the features of the epidermis:

A
  • Also know as the ectoderm
  • Made up of epithelial cells - thinnest outer layer of the skin.
  • 4 main layers (but 5 layers in areas prone to wearing, eg: soles of feet, palms and fingers)
  • Non-vascularised
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7
Q

Describe the features of the dermis:

A
  • Also known as the mesoderm
  • Below the epidermis
  • Tough and strong
  • Flexible and fibrous connective tissue
  • Contains college and elastin: 2-4mm thick at birth
  • Contains glands, hair follicles, blood supply and nerves
  • Vascularised
  • Sensation of heat, touch, pressure and pain
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8
Q

Describe the features of the hypodermis:

A
  • Also known as the superficial fascia
  • Subcutaneous (not really skin)
  • Shares protective functions
  • Stores Adipose tissue (fat)
  • Anchors skin
  • Provides insulation and calorie reservoir
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9
Q

What are the epidermal layers called?

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
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10
Q

What are the main features the stratum basale?

A

Deepest Layer, lies next to the dermis
Mitosis cells makes epidermal cells: keratinocytes
Daughter cells of the other strata are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers.

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11
Q

What are the main features the stratum spinosum?

A

Connected to other cells by spindles
Cells tightly connected to adjacent cellist help resist tension
Cells become flattened and start to die as they move upward
8-10 layers of cells

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12
Q

What are the main features the stratum granulosum?

A

Cells contain lamellar granules which release lipid rich secretion which helps waterproof the skin.

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13
Q

What are the main features the stratum lucidum?

A

Only in thick skin prone to wearing
3-5 layers of cells
Contains large amounts of keratin

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14
Q

What are the main features the stratum corneum?

A 
Outermost layer of the epidermis
20-30 layers of cells
Contains lipids and proteins
Protects from abrasion 
Dead cells are filled with keratin
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15
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A 
Protection
Body Temperature Regulation
Cutaneous sensation
Excretion
Blood reservoir 
Metabolic functions
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16
Q

What cells are the skin made up of?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhan cells
  • Merkel cells
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17
Q

What percentage of skin cells are keratinocytes?

A

90%

18
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

They produce keratin

19
Q

What percentage of skin cells are melanocytes?

A

8%

20
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

They produce melanin pigment which is transferred to other cells

21
Q

What is the function of Langerhan cells?

A

From the bone marrow and involved in immunity

22
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

Merkel cells are in the deepest layer and form the touch receptors with sensory neurons

23
Q

How thick is the dermis in full term babies?

A

2-4mm

24
Q

At what age do sweat glands mature in babies?

A

1 week

25
Q

What is the name of the subcutaneous layer lipid deposits in full term babies?

A

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

26
Q

What is the function of Brown Adipose Tissue?

A

For energy and insulation

27
Q

What is the function of the vernix caseosa?

A

Protects, moisturises and facilitates colonisation.

28
Q

What is the difference in the dermis between pre-term and full term babies?

A

The dermis is thinner in pre-term babies.

29
Q

At what age do sweat glands mature in pre-term babies?

A

3-4 weeks

30
Q

What affects the colour of skin colour?

A

Melanin, carotene and haemoglobin

31
Q

Additions to the skin include:

A 
Cutaneous glands (exocrine glands)
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Hair follicles 
Nails
32
Q

What are the functions of sebaceous glands?

A 
Produce oil (sebum)
Lubricant for skin
Prevents brittle hair
Kills bacteria
Activated at puberty
33
Q

What are the functions of sweat glands?

A

To produce sweat

34
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A 
Eccrine = open via duct to pore onto skin surface 
Apocrine = ducts empty into hair follicles
35
Q

What is the composition of sweat?

A 
Mainly water
Salts
Vitamin C
Some metabolic waste
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
36
Q

Function of sweat:

A

The evaporation of sweat aids dissipation of heat, and excretes waste products.
Acidic nature that inhibits bacteria growth

37
Q

What are the main features of nails?

A

Scale-like modifications to the epidermis
Heavily keratinised
Stratum basale extends under the nail bed and is responsible for nail growth
Lack of pigment makes them colourless

38
Q

What are some homeostatic imbalances affect the skin?

A

Extreme stretching, blistering, age, sebaceous blockages and oxygenation

39
Q

What are the three stages of blood clotting?

A
  • Vasospasm - smooth muscle contracts and platelets release chemicals to cause vasospasm which reduces blood flow to the damaged area.
  • Platelet plug formation - platelets stick to the damaged vessels as they become more sticky.
  • Coagulation - clotting factors activate each other, eg, prothrombin activates thrombin with the aid of the enzyme prothrombinase. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin.
40
Q

Through what methods does heat loss occur?

A

Convection, conduction, evaporation and radiation.

41
Q

Describe the Temperature Regulatory Feedback Loop:

A

Thermoreceptors detect temperature change and nerve impulses are sent along the afferent pathway to the thermoregulatory control centre in the brain which initiates a course of action to maintain the body temperature at 37-38 degrees. These impulses are sent to effectors along the efferent pathway.

42
Q

How is thermoregulation different in neonates?

A

Narrower temperature range, so therefore, higher risk. Pre-term babies have thinner skin, a larger surface area, little heat production, immature nervous system, decreased subcutaneous tissue, inability to maintain flexion (cannot shiver), low birth weight and therefore, less insulation. This causes an increase in evaporative heat loss.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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