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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

What role does the medulla oblongata have?

A

Chemoreceptors detect CO2 changes and adjusts rate and depth of breathing.

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3
Q

What organelle does respiration occur in?

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is a waste product of respiration?

A

CO2

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5
Q

What structure separates the lungs?

A

Mediastinum (mid thoracic cavity)

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6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior)

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7
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes (superior and inferior)

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8
Q

What is the pleura?

A

2 pleural membranes that surround the lungs and are filled with pleural fluid.

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9
Q

What is the name of the outer pleural membrane?

A

Parietal pleura

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10
Q

What is the name of the inner pleural membrane?

A

Visceral pleura

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11
Q

What does the pleural fluid do?

A

Reduces friction so the membranes slide freely over each other.

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12
Q

What is inspiration?

A

An active process occurring when the diaphragm contracts, moving downwards and increasing the volume of thoracic cavity. External intercostal muscles also contract causing the ribs to move out and up. This increase in volume, decreases pressure so air in the atmosphere diffuses into the lungs from a high to low pressure.

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13
Q

What is expiration?

A

A passive process where the muscles relax and elastic recoil of the lungs occurs. The decrease in volume causes an increase in pressure so air moves out of the lungs into the atmosphere, from a high to low pressure).

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14
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The movement of gases from the atmosphere into the lungs.

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15
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.

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16
Q

What are the functions of accessory muscles?

A

To aid the increase in the size of the thorax for inspiration or decrease it further for expiration.

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17
Q

Examples of of accessory movements in children:

A

Head bobbing, nasal flaring, shoulder shrugging, abdominal breathing, tracheal tug, sternal recession, intercostal/subcostal recession.

18
Q

Signs of increased work in breathing in children:

A

Snoring, gurgling, grunting, stridor, gasping and wheezing.

19
Q

What are nostrils also known as?

A

Anterior Nares

20
Q

What are nostrils?

A

Cavities divided into two passages by a nasal septum.

21
Q

What are some key facts about the nose?

A
  • Highly vascular (rich blood supply).
  • Lined with ciliated epithelium with goblet cells secreting mucus.
  • Hairs present at the anterior end of the nostrils.
  • Contains the olfactory nerve for smell.
  • Newborns are obligate nasal breathers.
22
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Warms and moistens air: the conchae provide a large surface area, increasing air turbulence. The rich blood supply permits the warming and moistening of the dry, inspired air.
  • Hairs filter particles in the air and mucous helps to trap dust particles.
  • Sneezing removes irritants.
  • Olfactory nerve is present to detect smell.
23
Q

How many conchae are there?

A

3

24
Q

What are the names of the conchae? (from highest to lowest)

A

Superior conchae, middle conchae and inferior conchae.

25
Q

How many sinuses are there above the nasal cavity?

A

2

26
Q

What is the name of the sinus at the front of the head?

A

Frontal sinus

27
Q

What is the name of the sinus at the back of the head?

A

Sphenoid sinus.

28
Q

What is the pharynx composed of?

A

Mucous membrane, fibrous tissue and muscle tissue.

29
Q

What are the names of the different pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx (behind the nose), Oropharnyx (behind the mouth), Laryngopharynx (from the mouth down to the oesophagus).

30
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Passage way for both food and air.
  • Further warming and humidification of air.
  • Muscle tissues help with swallowing.
  • Protection - lymphoid tissue which produce antibodies.
  • Helps with hearing, the Eustachian tube equalises air pressure either side of the ear drum.
31
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • Connects the pharynx and trachea.

- Composed of 8 rigid hyaline cartilage rings, allowing attachment of vocal cords.

32
Q

What are vocal cords?

A

Folds of the mucous membrane.

33
Q

Types of vocal cords:

A

False vocal cords -vibrate but do not produce sound.
True vocal cords - vibrate to produce sound
- Pharyngeal muscles stretch cords to adjust pitch.

34
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of tissue at the back of the throat. It closes over the trachea while you’re eating to prevent food entering your airway.

35
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • Connects larynx and bronchi.
  • has 16-20 C - shaped rings of cartilage, connective tissue and involuntary muscle which hold the trachea open.
  • Has an inner lining of mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium.
36
Q

What are the functions of the trachea?

A
  • Support and prevent kinking and obstruction as the head and neck move.
  • Cough reflex = nerve endings in the larynx, trachea and bronchi.
37
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Primary bronchi.

38
Q

How many primary bronchi are there?

A

2

39
Q

How do the primary bronchi divide?

A
  • The right bronchus enters the right lung and divides into 3 secondary bronchi, each passing into each lobe.
  • The left bronchus enters the left lung and divides into 2 branches, each passing into each lobe.
  • The secondary bronchi then further subdivide into smaller tubes.
40
Q

What are alveoli?

A
  • Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gaseous exchange takes place.
  • Each lung is made up of about 100-150 million alveoli.
  • Surrounded by a network of capillaries.
  • Single layer of flat. simple squamous epithelial cells.
  • Cells secrete fluid and surfactant which reduces surface tension so they don’t collapse. Also contain macrophages.
41
Q

Explain gaseous exchange:

A
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide travel across the alveoli walls to and from the blood vessels.
  • Oxygen moves into the blood and travels to tissues.
  • 98% of oxygen is carried by attachment to haemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.
  • Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the lungs.
  • 70% is carried as bicarbonate which prevents the blood from becoming acidic.
  • 23% carried attached to haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin.
  • 7% in solution in plasma.
42
Q

What percentage of oxygen does the body take in each breath?

A

4%

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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