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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the different types of nerons?

A

Sensory, Integration and Motor

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2
Q

What is the role of sensory neurons?

A

To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body.

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3
Q

What is the role of integration?

A

To process and interpret sensory input and decide what action is needed.

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4
Q

What is the role of motor neurons?

A

Response - initiates action (voluntary and/or involuntary)

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5
Q

What is the role of the Nervous System?

A

It regulates and controls all body activity and works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis.

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6
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?

A

All nerves outside the CNS.

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8
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A nerve is a bundle of hundreds/thousands of axons associated with connective tissue and blood vessels.
Each nerve has sensory and motor neurons.
A neuron is a single nerve cell.

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9
Q

What are neurons made up of?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axons, axon terminals, synapse

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10
Q

Describe the role of the cell body:

A

Contains the nucleus and organelles.

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11
Q

Describe the role of dendrites:

A

Branches that receive an impulse and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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12
Q

Describe the role of axons:

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body.

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13
Q

Describe the role of axon terminals:

A
  • Where the axons end
  • Contain vesicles containing neurotransmitters
  • Axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap called the synapse.
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14
Q

Describe the role of myelin sheath:

A

Myelin sheath is an insulating layer around nerves made up of protein and fatty substances which allows electrical impulses to transmit more quickly and efficiently along the neuron.

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15
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An action potential is an electrical impulse that is transmitted along an axon.

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16
Q

How do neurons communicate with other neurons/cells?

A

Chemically

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17
Q

Describe the process of how neurons communicate across a synapse:

A

Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) are stored in vesicles in the axon terminals. When stimulated by action potentials, the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. They then diffuse across the synapse then attach to a receptor on the post-synaptic neuron/cell. This then stimulates or inhibits the post synaptic cell response.

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18
Q

What happens once a receptor receives an impulse/chemical neurotransmitter?

A

Once a chemical has bound to a receptor on the target cell, activity within the cell changes to stimulate a response.

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19
Q

What is an example of how receptors work?

A

Example: Noradrenaline (a neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system) can bind to the SAN causing the heart to beat faster.

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20
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Support cells in the CNS.

Function: to support, insulate, nourish and protect neurons, they also form the “blood brain barrier”

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21
Q

What is an example of a neuroglia?

A

Schwann cells - form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

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22
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in the CNS?

A

The spinal cord carries impulses towards and away from the brain.

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23
Q

What is the CNS protected by?

A

The CNS is protected by the skull and vertebral column, as well as a covering of connective tissue.

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24
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Three connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS.

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25
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges named?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.

26
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Double-layered external covering made up of tough connective tissue.

27
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A

Middle layer (web-like)

28
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Internal layer that clings to the surface of the brain.

29
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ?

A

CSF is fluid that circulates within the brain and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord. (similar to plasma in appearance)

30
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

In the brains ventricles.

31
Q

Where does the CSF flow?

A

In the subarachnoid space.

32
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

Provides a watery cushion or act as shock absorber. It protects the brain and spinal cord from jolts.

33
Q

What are the four main parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem, Diencephalon, Cerebrum and Cerebellum.

34
Q

Describe the brain stem:

A

Continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain.

35
Q

Describe the diencephalon:

A

Consists mainly of the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland.

36
Q

Describe the cerebrum:

A

Bulk of the brain. One the surface is a thin layer of grey matter and underneath is white matter.

37
Q

Describe the cerebellum:

A

Behind the brain stem, responsible for co-ordinated movement.

38
Q

What is the cortex (cerebrum) responsible for?

A

Responsible for higher-order function, for example, voluntary motor, sensory function, vision, processing language, planning and problem solving.

39
Q

Describe the cortex:

A
  • It is divided into lobes.
  • Specific areas regulate different functions.
  • It has specific areas that deal with sensation in the somatosensory cortex, and movement in the motor cortex.
40
Q

What are the different lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal.

41
Q

What is the frontal lobe associated with?

A

Associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, voluntary movement, emotions and problem solving.

42
Q

What is the parietal lobe associated with?

A

Associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli and sensory & language functions.

43
Q

What is the occipital lobe associated with?

A

Associated with visual processing

44
Q

What is the temporal lobe associated with?

A

Associated with perception, recognition and hearing.

45
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A
  • The relay station for sensory impulses

- Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localisation and interpretation.

46
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Important Autonomic Nervous System centre.
  • Regulator of hormones of the pituitary gland
    • helps regulate body temperature
    • controls water balance
    • regulates metabolism
47
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting.
48
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of?

A

Consists of cranial nerves and their branches, spinal nerves and their branches, ganglia and sensory receptors.

49
Q

How many cranial nerves come out from the base of the brain?

A

12

50
Q

How many spinal cord nerves come out of the spine?

A

31 pairs (62)

51
Q

What are the ganglia?

A

A small mass of nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord, containing cell bodies of neurons.

52
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Dendrites of sensory neurones that monitor change in the environment.

53
Q

Describe the sensory (afferent) pathway:

A

Sensory receptors detect change and stimulate an impulse that is carried along the sensory neurones, aka the afferent pathway).

54
Q

What does the CNS do in response to receiving an impulse?

A

The CNS processes sensory information by analysing and storing it. Initiates a response via the motor (efferent) pathway.

55
Q

Describe the motor (efferent) pathway:

A

Motor neurones carry information from the CNS to the effectors, which stimulates a response.

56
Q

Describe the reflex arc:

A
  • Sensory neuron detects a stimulus.
  • This activates a motor neurone at the spinal cord.
  • The brain isn’t involved.
  • The motor neurone stimulates an effector.
57
Q

How is the Nervous System divided?

A

Sensory receptors —> Sensory (afferent) pathway —> Peripheral Nervous System —> Central Nervous System —> initiates a response —> Peripheral Nervous System —> Motor (efferent) pathway —> divides into somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) —> autonomic nervous system divides into parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight).

58
Q

What muscles does the somatic nervous system affect?

A

Skeletal muscles (voluntary)

59
Q

What muscles does the autonomic nervous system affect?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscles and glands (involuntary)

60
Q

Describe the response of the Parasympathetic Nervous System:

A
  • Constricts pupils
  • Stimulates tear secretion
  • Stimulates saliva production
  • Constricts bronchi
  • Decreases heat rate
  • Stimulates peristalsis which aids digestion
  • Stimulates bile production
  • Stimulates urination
61
Q

Describe the response of the Sympathetic Nervous System:

A
  • Dilates pupils
  • Inhibits saliva production
  • Dilates bronchi
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Inhibits peristalsis
  • Inhibits urination
  • Increased glucose production
  • Vasoconstriction
62
Q

Describe the stress response:

A
  • Initiated by the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
  • SNS also stimulates the adrenal medulla
  • This releases the hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) into the blood
  • These hormones intensify and prolong the effects of the SNS.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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