Blood & WBCs Flashcards by RJ A

The average adult has how much blood?

4 to 6 liters

Males have more

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What is the goal of hematology class?

Analyze blood & body fluids

Diagnosis & monitoring disease

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What is blood composed of?

Plasma - ˜55%

Blood cells - ˜45%

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What is plasma composed of?

91% water

9% biochemicals

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What are blood cells composed of?

Mostly red blood cells

1% are platelets & WBC (buffy coat)

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What are the reference ranges for cellular components - WBC

4.8 - 10.8 x 10ˆ9/L

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What are the reference ranges for cellular components - RBC

Females - 4.2 - 5.4 x 10ˆ12/L

Males - 4.7 - 6.1 x 10ˆ12/L

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What are the reference ranges for cellular components - platelets

150 - 400 x 10ˆ9/L

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What are the components of blood tested?

whole blood
cells
plasma - in vivo & in vitro
serum - in vitro

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What is in vivo plasma?

The liquid part of blood

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What is In vitro plasma?

Plasma from anticoagulated blood

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What color tube is used for a whole blood sample?

Lavender

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What does EDTA do in the lavender tube?

Prevents coagulation by binding or chelating calcium in the form of a potassium or sodium salt

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What are lavender tubes used for?

Whole blood sample

Anti-coagulant that preserves cell morphology & inhibits platelet aggregation or clumping

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What is an example of a hematology screening test?

Complete blood count (CBC)

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What are the parts of CBC?

Quantifying
Calculating the RBC indices (size/shape)
WBC differential

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What does the CBC quantify?

WBC, RBC, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HCT), platelets

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How does CBC calculate RBC indices?

From the RBC count, Hgb, & HCT

Defines the size & hemoglobin content of the RBCs

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What does the WBC differential from CBC do?

Enumerates the five types of WBCs

Morphology of RBCs & platelets

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What are the components of the Wright stain?

Methylene blue
Eosin
Buffer

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What does the methylene blue stain?

Nuclear material

RNA

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What type of stain is the wright stain?

Differential

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What color do RBCs stain from the wright stain?

Pink

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What is hematopoiesis?

The production of blood cells

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Where is most blood cell production limited to at birth?

Bone marrow

What is the adult hematopoietic system?

Tissues & organs regulating the proliferation, maturation, & destruction of blood cells

What are the organs & tissues that makes up the adult hematopoietic system?

Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes

The bone marrow is the site of cell development for what?

Myeloid cells Erythroid cells Megakaryocytic cells Early stages of lymphoid cells

Where are the sites of later lymphoid cell development?

Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes

What are spleen & lymph nodes?

Secondary lymphoid tissues | Posses immunocompetent T & B cells

T & B cells further differentiate & divide in response to antigens into what?

Effector & memory cells

What are two types of bone marrow hematopoiesis?

Medullary hematopoiesis | Extramedullary hematopoiesis

What is medullary hematopoiesis?

Blood cell production in the bone marrow

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than in bone marrow In the liver & spleen

What types of cells are present in bone marrow?

Myeloid (WBC) precursors & storage of mature cells Red cell precursors Platelet precursors Fat

What is the adult cellularity in bone marrow?

50%

How do you determine cellularity?

Take 100 minus the patient's age, +/- 10

What is bone marrow hyperplasia?

Excessive development of normal cells | Occurs with all conditions of increased or ineffective hematopoiesis

The concentration of WBCs is affected by what events?

Physiologic events Pathologic events Age

What are examples of physiologic events that affect the concentration of WBCs?

Pregnancy Time of day Activity level

What are examples of pathologic events that affect the concentration of WBCs?

Infections Immune-regulated responses Quantitative & qualitative disorders

What is the leukocyte concentration in peripheral blood (PB)?

``` Neutrophils: 50-70% of total WBC Lymphocytes: 20-44% Monocytes: 2-6% Eosinophils: 0-4% Basophils: 0-2% ```

What is the size of a segmented neutrophil?

9-15 mcM

What are the parts of a segmented neutrophil?

Nucleus | Cytoplasm

What are the characteristics of the nucleus of a segmented neutrophil?

Segmented with 2 or more lobes connected by a thin nuclear filament Condensed chromatin

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a segmented neutrophil?

Pink/tan to clear color | Many granules

What do the granules in neutrophils contain?

Lipids, carbs, & proteins

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Host defense | Move to site of foreign agent, engulf, & destroy

What are the four steps in the innate immune response?

1. adherence 2. migration/chemotaxis 3. phagocytosis 4. bacterial killing

What is the size of a small lymphocyte?

7-10 mcM

What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte cytoplasm?

Small rim, sky blue | Few granules

What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte neutrophil?

Same size of a RBC Occupies about 90% of the cell Chromatin deeply condensed, stains deep purple Nucleoli rarely visible

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

Recognize & react with specific antigens Work with macrophages to eliminate pathogens Provide long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens

What is the lifespan of Lymphocytes?

Several years Hours Days

What are the characteristics of size in a mature erythrocyte?

7-8 microns | Biconcave disk "central pallor" Average volume 90 fL

What are the functions of a mature leukocyte?

Host defense in tissues

How do leukocytes fight infection?

Phagocytosis by granulocytes & monocytes | Development of adaptive immune response by monocytes & lymphocytes

Where do leukocytes develop from?

Pluripotential HSC

How do leukocytes develop?

Stem cell proliferates & differentiates | Mature cells enter peripheral blood (PB) or stay in bone marrow until needed

What are the types of leukocytes that develop?

Granulocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes

What are the types of granulocytes?/

Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils

How does age affect concentration of WBCs?

Few immature granulocytic cells can be found in circulation

What are the concentrations of WBCs from birth to 8 years old?

Birth: WBC count is high - 9-30 x 10ˆ9/L 1 week after birth: WBC count drops to 5-21 x 10ˆ9/L 8 years old: average WBC continues to drop to 8 x 10ˆ9 /L

What is the size of a monocyte?

12-20 mcM

What are the characteristics of a monocyte

Horseshoe or bean shaped Numerous folds - brainlike convolutions Chromatin loose & linear, lacy patter

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a monocyte?

Blue-gray Evenly dispersed with fine, dustlike membrane-bound granules Vacuoles frequently seen

What are the functions of a monocyte?

Host defense in tissues as macrophages Active in innate & adaptive IR Ingest & kill microorganisms

What is the size of a mature eosinophil?

12-15 mcM

What does the nucleus of a eosinophil look like?

No more than 2 or 3 | Blue/purple

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil look like?

Completely filled with granules | Pink in color

What is the function of an eosinophil?

Influenced by the cellular arm of the adaptive immune system (T cells) Pro-inflammatory cells associated with allergic diseases, parastic infections

What is the size of a mature basophil?

10-15 mcM

What does the nucleus of a basophil look like?

Segmented

What is a major characteristic of a basophil?

Many dark purple granules obscuring both the background of the cytoplasm & the nucleus

What are the functions of a basophil?

Mediators of inflammatory response | Receptors for IgE

How do basophils mediate inflammatory response?

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions | Ex) Asthma

How are basophils receptors for IgE?

When IgE attaches the cell is activated for degranulation | It releases enzymes that are basoactive, bronchoconstrictive, & chemotactic

What is a buffy coat?

Where WBCs are in a blood sample

Blood & WBCs Flashcards

(78 cards)