BM2_Patho_AP_Lec_Q1 Flashcards by My Wallet Is Dead

converted to coenzyme FLAVIN mononucleotid

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

vitamin b2

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incorporated to NAD involved in REDOC reactions

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

Niacin

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also known as THIAMINE involved in Wernicker-Korsakoff syndrome

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

Vitamin B1

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involved in MEGALOBLASTIC anemia

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

folate

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Techniques that diagnose all classes of infectious agents :

Culture
Gram stain
Silver stains
Giemsa stains
Periodic acid-Schiff

Culture

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The REPLACEMENT of ONE CELL TYPE with a second that is better able to survive the ongoing insult.

metaplasia
anaplasia
dysplasia
leukoplakia

metaplasia

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PROTOZOAL species that causes URETHRITIS and VAGINITIS:

Giardia lamblia
Naegleria fowleri
Entamoeba histolytica
Trichomonas vaginalis
Leishmania sp.

Trichomonas vaginalis

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2-yr-old male who lives in the slums, developed an acute systemic viral infection. At the ER, the physician notices FLACCID PARALYSIS of the lower extremities and suspected POLIOVIRUS INFECTION. Tests that may be ordered to confirm diagnosis is/are :

viral culture
PCR of throat secretions
serology
Only 1ST and 3RD choices are correct
All are correct.

All are correct

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A 16 yr old, male with CYSTIC FIBROSIS, admitted for dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows PNEUMONITIS. Microscopy: masses of Gram(-) organisms in blood vessel walls with haemorrhage and thrombi. Most likely diagnosis:

Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
Streptococcal pneumonitis
Lyme disease
Tertiary syphilis
Staphylococcus aureus infection

Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection

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in response to SCHISTOSOMIASIS infection

squamous metaplasia of bladder mucosa
colonic metaplasia of the stomach
endometrial hyperplasia
Barrett esophagus
squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa

squamous metaplasia of BLADDER mucosa

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Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

SUPPURATIVE inflammation of skin, oropharynx, heart valves

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

streptococcal infection

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Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

gas gangrene

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

clostridium perfringens; C. septicum

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Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

proliferative endarteritis

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

Syphilis

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Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

endocarditis UTI

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

enterococci

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Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

persistent CHRONIC ARTHRITIS

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

Lyme disease

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TISSUE TROPISM by viruses is determined by :

surface proteins that bind to host cells
adhesins
exotoxins
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
endotoxins

surface proteins that bind to host cells

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Most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: *
systemic miliary tuberculosis lymphadenitis
meningitis miliary pulmonary disease pleural effusion

Lymphadenitis

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Schistosomiasis pathology: *

-caused by host inflammatory reactions to different stages of the parasite.
-encysts in striated skeletal muscle
-granuloma with ovum at the center containing miracidium large phagocytes
-Only 1st and 3rd choices are correct

only 1st and 3rd are correct

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Lepromatous leprosy:. *

Bacilli are negative or “paucibacillary’
Positive acid-fast bacilli found
localized, flat, red skin lesions
granulomas on microscopy
dominated by neuronal involvement

granulomas on microscopy

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DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

absolute lymphocytosis smear with ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

epstein-barr virus

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DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

serologic test (nontreponemal/Treponemal antibody)

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

Treponema pallidum

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DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

thick GELATINOUS capsule that stains red with PAS/ MUCICARMINE

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

cryptococcus

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DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

NONSEPTATE HYPHAE with right angle branching

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

Mucor/ Lichtheimia

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DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

fruiting bodies and septate filaments in lung cavities

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

aspergillosis

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Pathogenesis of diffenent type of inflammatory response: tissue necrosis cell-mediated immune response to pathogens repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma toxin or lysis mediated destruction viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

toxin or lysis mediated destruction

Pathogenesis of diffenent type of inflammatory response: supprative inflammation cell-mediated immune response to pathogens repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma toxin or lysis mediated destruction viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response: mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation cell-mediated immune response to pathogens repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma toxin or lysis mediated destruction viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens

Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response: chronic inflammation/ scarring cell-mediated immune response to pathogens repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma toxin or lysis mediated destruction viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma

Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response: cytopathic-cytoproliferative reactions cell-mediated immune response to pathogens repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma toxin or lysis mediated destruction viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation

All of these statements are true EXCEPT: * The somatic compartment are the protein stores within muscles. The somatic compartment is more critical for survival The visceral compartment is the one severely affected in kwashiorkor. The somatic compartment is the one affected in marasmus.

The somatic compartment is more critical for survival

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease vitamin C goiter dental caries cardiomyopathy; myopathy decreased wound healing scurvy

Scurvy

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease selenium goiter dental caries cardiomyopathy; myopathy decreased wound healing scurvy

cardiomyopathy

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease iodine goiter dental caries cardiomyopathy; myopathy decreased wound healing scurvy

goiter

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease zinc goiter dental caries cardiomyopathy; myopathy decreased wound healing scurvy

decreased wound healing

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease flouride goiter dental caries cardiomyopathy; myopathy decreased wound healing scurvy

dental caries

True of Syphilis: - Treponemal antibody tests measure antibody to a phospholipid present in both host tissues and pallidum. - Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Venereal Disease Research laboratory (VDRL) tests are Treponemal antibody tests. - Culture remains the mainstay of diagnosis of syphilis since both Nontreponemal and treponemal tests are imperfect. - Either Nontreponemal and Treponemal test should be used to confirm a positive test of the other type - Only 1ST and 3RD choices are correct.

Either Nontreponemal and Treponemal test should be used to confirm a positive test of the other type

True statements of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs): * - The microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus and cause severe damage to the fetus and child. - Infection with one STI-associated organism increases the risk foadditional STIs. - STIs may spread from the rectum, oropharynx and urethra. - People who use illegal drugs parenterally are at greater risk for STIs. - All of the above are correct

all of the above

Diseases caused by anaerobic flora : * peritonitis tetanus botulism gas gangrene All of the above

all of the above

The maximal distance in diameter across which oxygen, nutrients, and waste can diffuse from blood vessels to adjacent tissues. * 1 to 2 mm 4-5mm 3 to 4 mm 0.5-1mm

1 to 2 mm

Microorganisms cause disease via the following route/s : * ingestion of contaminated food and drink with fecal material breaching epithelial surfaces adhesion and mucosal invasion and local proliferation strong mechanical inhalation only 2nd and 4th choices are correct all of the above are true

all of the above are true

true or false Intact keratinized epidermis serves as a strong mechanical barrier because it is considered the biggest organ of the body.

false

true or false The activation of oncogenes identified in H. pylori organisms is the cause for development of gastric cancer.

false

true or false Examples of causes of acquired immunodeficiencies are HIV infection and immunosuppressive drugs.

true

true or false ‘‘T cell exhaustion’’ is a feature of chronic infections like Hepatitis B and C infections.

true

The following are emerging viral agents that could be engineered for bioterrorism/mass dissemination. * Escherichia coli Vibrio cholerae Anthrax Hantavirus Brucella

hantavirus

A 25 year old female came in for esophageal rupture. She has past medical history of chronic laxative use and frequent vomiting after binge-eating What is the diagnosis? * vitamin D deficiency bulimia anorexia nervosa marasmu

bulimia

Most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the world is caused by: * Chlamydia trachomatis Klebsiella granulomatis Treponema pallidum Trichomonas vaginalis Escherichia coli

Chlamydia trachomatis

Examples of secreted bacterial proteins (exotoxins) that cause cellular injury/disease is/are: * endotoxins in the outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria antimicrobial peptides like defensins and cathelicidins bacterial surface proteins like adhesins and pili. enzymes like proteases, hyaluronidases, coagulases All of the above are correct.

enzymes like proteases, hyaluronidases, coagulases

Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease vitamin b12 degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract

Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease niacin degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease vitamin C degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

Mechanisms of bacterial injury include: * - Adhesins and bacterial surface proteins bind to host cells or extracellular matrix. - Mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages transmit functionally important genes which influence pathogeneicity and drug resistance. - Bacterial endotoxins that both stimulates host immune responses and injures the host. - Toxins that alter intracellular signalling or regulatory pathways. - All of the above are correct

all of the above

A 10 year old male came in for difficulty seeing in the dark. Eye exam show the findings of Bitot's spots. what is the diagnosis * Vitamin C deficiency Vitamin A excess Vitamin C excess Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency

The most common immunodeficiency worldwide: * infection with HIV tuberculosis lymphomas and other hematologic malignancies autoimmune diseases Only 1ST and 3RD are correct

infection with HIV

The outcome of infection is determined by: * virulence of the microbe expression of factors by viruses that interfere with the actions of cytokines, chemokines or complement nature of the host immune response Antibody-mediated host defences against microbial antigens. only 2nd & 4th choices are correct All of the above are correct.

all of the above

Common modes of vertical transmission of infectious agents from mother to fetus or newborn child : * seeding of fetal tissues by a virulent organism direct invasion of fetal tissues via maternal milk contact with infectious agent during passage through birth canal sexual route during intercourse All of the above

contact with infectious agent during passage through birth canal

All of the statements are true except: * Ghrelin elicits voracious eating Ghrelin is the only gut hormone that increases food intake Leptin is secreted by the stomach and inhibits thermogenesis Adiponectin stimulates fatty acid oxidatio

Leptin is secreted by the stomach and inhibits thermogenesis

Microbes evade host defences by : * - altering and switching their major surface proteins - changes in the net surface charge preventing pore formation and antimicrobial peptide insertion - downregulation of antimicrobial T cell responses by T cell exhaustion - evasion of recognition by CD4+ helper T-cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells - All are correct

all are correct

The vitamin involved in the maintenance of specialized epithelia and visual pigment * K zinc A E

Which one is not a fat-soluble vitamin? * D C E K

The vitamin involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and mineralization of bone? * A folate D zinc

The vitamin which is a cofactor of hepatic carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S? * riboflavin D thiamine K

True statements of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs): * - The microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus and cause severe damage to the fetus and child. - Infection with one STI-associated organism increases the risk for additional STIs. - STIs may spread from the rectum, oropharynx and urethra. - People who use illegal drugs parenterally are at greater risk for STIs. - 1st & 3rd choices only - 2nd & 4th choices only - All of the above are correct

1st & 3rd choices only

Characteristic/s of mononuclear and chronic granulomatous inflammation : * inclusion bodies and polykaryons predominant mononuclear cell infiltrates and aggregation of activated macrophages rapid and severe necrosis, sometimes ulcers increased vascular permeability and neutrophilic infiltration 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correct

predominant mononuclear cell infiltrates and aggregation of activated macrophages

Mechanisms of bacterial injury include: * Adhesins and bacterial surface proteins bind to host cells or extracellular matrix. Mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages transmit functionally important genes which influence pathogenicity and drug resistance. Bacterial endotoxins that both stimulates host immune responses and injures the host. Toxins that alter intracellular signalling or regulatory pathways. 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above

all of the above

all of the above are correct

16 yr old, male with cystic fibrosis, admitted for dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows pneumonitis. Microscopy: masses of Gram(-) organisms in blood vessel walls with haemorrhage and thrombi. Most likely diagnosis: * Lyme disease Streptococcal pneumonitis Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection Staphylococcus aureus infection Tertiary syphilis

Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection

Tertiary form of syphilis : * gummas in the skin of an infected individual meningitis fetal death in a mother with asymptomatic neurosyphilis firm, nontender, red lesion in the anus of infected individual broad-based plaques in the skin of infected individual

gummas in the skin of an infected individual

Lepromatous leprosy:. * contain large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages (lepra cells) Bacilli are negative or “paucibacillary’ granulomas on microscopy gram-negative, slender corkscrew-shaped bacteria with axial periplasmic flagella dominated by neuronal involvement

contain large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages (lepra cells)

Microbes resist or evade Host’s immune system via : * -microbial antigens blocking microbial adhesion and uptake into the cells -gradual loss of T-cell effector functions and potency -pathogens infect leucocytes thereby interfering with their function -few viral genes expressed leading to a state of latent infection 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correct

2nd & 4th choices only

The outcome of infection is determined by: * virulence of the microbe expression of factors by viruses that interfere with the actions of cytokines, chemokines or complement nature of the host immune response Antibody-mediated host defences against microbial antigens. 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correct

All of the above are correct

The following are emerging viral agents that could be ENGINEERED for bioterrorism/mass dissemination. * anthrax Hantavirus Vibrio cholerae Escherichia coli Brucella

hantavirus

true false cannot be determined Diagnosis of STIs in a pregnant woman does not prevent neonatal and intrauterine transmission of the infection to the newborn

false

true false cannot be determined Immunosuppressive drugs and HIV infection are causes of acquired immunodeficiencies

true

true false cannot be determined Dissemination of the infection and tissue injury stem from reactivation of the latent virus in viral hemorrhagic fever

true

true false cannot be determined Hepatitis viruses cause acute infection followed by latent infection where infected virions spread to sensory neurons.

false Herpes simplex virus

true false cannot be determined Confirmatory testing is needed in serologic tests for syphilis because false- positive results can occur.

true

true false cannot be determined The activation of oncogenes identified in H. pylori organisms is the cause for development of gastric cancer

false

true false cannot be determined Viruses directly damage host cells by entering them and replicating at the host’s expense.

true

true false cannot be determined Infectious agents can induce host immune responses that, though directed against the invader, cause additional tissue damage

true

Mechanisms by which infectious agents establish infection and and damage tissues : * cause cell death directly or release toxins that kill cells at a distance cause changes in cellular metabolism and proliferation resulting to cell transformation. release enzymes that degrade tissue components damage blood vessels and cause ischemic necrosis 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correc

1st & 3rd choices only

Sexually transmitted disease that cause asymptomatic infections in women. * N. gonorrhoeae Secondary syphilis C. trachomatis Entamoeba histolytica 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correct

1st & 3rd choices only

Secreted bacterial proteins that cause cellular injury and disease.: enzymes like hyaluronidases, coagulases and proteases endotoxins like lipid A bacterial surface proteins like adhesins and pili neutrophils and macrophages 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correct

enzymes like hyaluronidases, coagulases and proteases

The following statements are true regarding Syphilis : * - Gram stain is the mainstay of diagnosis - Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests are examples of Treponemal antibody tests - Nontreponemal and treponemal tests can be used as screening tests for Syphilis - Treponemal antibody tests measure antibody to a phospholipid present in both host tissues and T.pallidum. 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above are correct

Nontreponemal and treponemal tests can be used as screening tests for Syphilis

What is the diagnosis? * cherubism marasmus folate deficiency kwashiorkor

marasmus

What is the diagnosis cherubism marasmus folate deficiency kwashiorkor

kwashiorkor

What is the diagnosis? osteomalacia rickets Vitamin D toxicity vitamin D excess

rickets