Body Logistics (1-3) Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
homeostasis definition
A
physiological process by which internal systems of the body are amitnaied at dynamic equilibrium despite variations in factors both intrinsic and extrinsic that impinges upon that ssytems
2
Q
examples of negative feedback
A
temperature
pH
Water
3
Q
examples of positive feedback
A
Child birth
Blood clotting
4
Q
Homeostatic mechanism
A
variable–> sensory –> control centre–> effector
1) stimulus proceeds change in variable
2) changes detected by receptor
3) inout information sent along afferent pathway to
4) output: information sent along efferent pathways
5) response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and return variable to homeostasis
5
Q
normal temp range
A
36.5-37.5
6
Q
hypothermia
A
<35
- shivering
- cold, pale skin
- slurred speech
7
Q
hyperthermia
A
> 38
- excessive sweating
- clammy skin
- thirst
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
8
Q
where to measure body temp
A
mouth ear armpit rectums temporal
9
Q
FEVER IS BETWEEN
A
37.5- 38.2
10
Q
therapeutic hypothermia
A
- comatose cardiac arrest- neuroprotective
- neonatal encephalopathy
11
Q
therapeutic hyperthermia
A
tumours
12
Q
how does infection pyrexia
A
infection produces pyrogens –> stimulate IL1 production by macrophage –> increase set point of hypothalamus –> heat generation initiated –> 38.5
13
Q
rigor
A
heat accompanied by shivering
14
Q
febrile seizure
A
seizure associated with high temperature without any serious underlying health issue
- affects 6 months - 5 years
15
Q
normal pH
A
7.35 to 7.45
16
Q
arterial blood pH vs venous
A
7.45 and 7.35
17
Q
pH =
A
-log[H+]
18
Q
small change in [H+]
A
big change in pH
19
Q
death related pH
A
<6.8/ >8.0
20
Q
acidosis
A
<7.35
- headaches, confusion, fatigue, tremors, coma
21
Q
metabolic acidosis
A
lactic acid build up
22
Q
respiratory acidosis
A
hypoventilation
23
Q
osmolarity
A
conc of solutes per litre (mOsm/L)
24
Q
osmolality
A
conc of solutes per kg (most/kg)
25
types of solution
hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic
26
hypotonic
osmolarity higher in cells, net movement of water into cells
27
isotonic
osmolarity equal on both sides- no net movement of water
28
hypertonic
osmolarity higher in solution, net movement of water out of cells
29
total body mass of females
45% solids
55% fluids
30
total body mass of males
40% solids
60% fluids
31
how much of fluids is ICF
2/3
32
how much of fluids is ECF
1/3
33
how much fluid found in interstitial fluid (ECF)
80%
34
how much fluid found in plasma (ECF)
20%
35
when blood is centrifued
plasma at top, white blood cells in middle and RBC a the bottom
36
starling forces
hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure
37
oedema
abornul fluid accumulation in interstitial
38
oedema causes
- increased HP
- decreased OP in capillaries
- increased OP in interstitial
- impaired lymphatic drainage
39
symptoms of dehydration in adults
dry mouth, thirsty, fatigue, low urine output, conc urine
40
symptoms of dehydration in children
sunken eye, sunk fontanelles and cold skin
41
symptoms of dehydration in elderly
confusion, low BP
42
water intoxication causes
decrease in Na+ in blood plasma
43
decreases [Na+] in blood plasma
muscle weakness
seizure
coma
unconsciousness
44
which cells can be seen with naked eye
Oocyte (200um)
45
smallest organelle seen with light microscope
mitochondria
46
smallest organelle seen with electron microscope
ribosome
47
definition of tissue
an aggregate of cells of a particular kind which work together to carry out specific functions
48
importance of histology
- visualise connects and architecture of cells
| - distinguish between certain pathologies (benign or malignant)
49
common biopsy techniques
1) Curettage
- scraping method for uterine tissue
2) Needle aspiration
- bone marrow, synovial fluid, thyroid tissue
3) Transvascular
- Venepuncture, ABG analysis
50
tissue fixing purpose
preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction
51
two types of tissue fixing
- paraffin-embedded tissue section
| - frozen section
52
paraffin-embedded tissue section
- formalin- preserve tissue, prevent rotting
- melted paraffin wax- embedded tissue for slicing
- microtome- slice tissue to thin clices
- H&E sraining
53
frozen section
- surgical specimen frozen to -20 and -30 degrees
- cyrostat- slice tissue
- H&E staining
54
fixation artifacts
changes brought about in tissues as a result of human activity
55
1m =
x1000 = 1um
56
1um=
x1000= 1nm
57
artefact: tissue shrinkage occurs when
left in fixative too long--> dehydrated
58
artefact= formalin pigments
produced in acidic conditions
59
H&E staining
Haematoxylin binds to DNA/RNA (binds to acid)
Eiosin: cytoplasm, extracellular matrix (binds to rpptoeins
60
H
stain blue
61
E
stain red
62
fat cannot be seen
dissolves in formaldehyde
63
RBC and H&E
white in middle- no protein or DNA
64
immunofluorescence
antibody labelled with fluorescent makers
65
immunohistochemistry
antibody labelled with fluorescent marker
| - antibody bind to antigen- fluorophor emits visibile light
66
Types of light microscope
- phase contrast
- dark field
- confocal microscopy
67
Phase contrast microscope mechanism
- converts phase shift light (invisible) through transparent specimen to brightness changes in image
- no staining required
68
dark field microscope mechanism
- illuminate sample with light that will not be collected by objective lens
- form dark background
- no staining required
69
confocal microscopy microscope mechanism
- capture multiple 2D images at diff depths to reconstruct 3D structures
- use with Immunofluorescence
70
limit of resolution
smallest distance by which two objects can be distinguished
71
advantages of electron microscope
- higher magnification (x500,000)
| - higher resolution (0.25nm)
72
disadvantage of electron microscope
difficult to use, expensive, dead sample, heavy metal staining
73
advantage of light
- low skill
- alive samples
- takes short amount of time
74
specimens used in paraffin-embedded tissue section
fixed tissue
75
specimens use in frozen section
fresh tissue
76
making time of paraffin-embedded tissue section
24-48hours
77
making time of frozen section
10-20 mins
78
saving time of paraffin-embedded tissue section
permanent
79
saving time of frozen section
months
80
morphology under microscopy: embedded tissue section
clarity
81
morphology under microscope: frozen section
opacity
82
application of paraffin embedded tissue
pathological diagnosis
83
application iof frozen section
intraoperative consultation
84
cell adherence system (4)
- cell-cell adhesion molecules
(tight and adhesion junction)
- extracellular matrix protein
( basement membrane, GAGs, fibrous protein-n collagen)
- scaffolding
(internal cytoskeleton)
- close proximity
(each layer packed closely together- pressure affect)
85
cell adherence systems on the lateral surface
- tight junctions
- adheren junction
- desmosome
- gap junction
- cell adhesion moelcules
86
tight junctions
prevent movement of large molecules into deeper tissue.
87
adherence junction
join actin bundle, stabilising tissue
88
desmosomes
join intermediate filaments- providing mechanical strength
| - cardiac muscle and bladder tissue
89
gap junctions
allows movement of small molecules
90
cell adhesion molecules (3)
1) Integrin
2) selectin
3) CAM
91
cell adherence systems on the basal surface
- focal adhesion
- hemi-desmosme
- integrin
- membrane proteoglycan
92
focal adhesion
anchors actin filaments to basal lamina
93
hemi-desmosomes
anchors intermediate filaments to basal lamina
94
integrin
anchors actin filament to extracellular matrix
| - signal transduction from ECM to cell
95
membrane proteoglycan
major component of ECM, binds cations and water- regulates movement of molecules through matrix
96
mucosa made up of
epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosa (ELM
97
layers of a blood vessel
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- sub mucosa
- muscular propria
- adventitia
98
basement membrane
thin acellular layer where epithelial cells are anchored
- basal lamina and reticular lamina
99
role of mucosa in GI tract
secrete mucous and absorption
100
role of submucosa in GI tract
lymphatic vessels, arteries, veins and nerves
101
structure of muscularis external in GI tract
- inner circular
| - outer longitudinal
102
serosa of the GI tract
blood& and lymph vessel
| - continuous with mesenteries
103
urinary tract composed of
ureters, bladder and urethra
104
ureter structure
- Mucosa (transitional epithelial cells)
- lamina propria
- muscular (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
105
bladder and urethra structure
- muscosa (b-transitional and u-squamous epithelium)
- lamina propria
- muscularis (detrusor muscle)
- adventitia
106
portions of the respiratory tract are either ..... or....
conducting or respiratory
107
conducting portions
nasal cavity --> terminal bronchioles
108
respiratory portions
respiratory bronchioles --> alveoli
109
structure of trachea and primary bronchi
- Mucosa (EL)
- submucosa
- cartilage (perichondrium)
110
structure of secondary and tertiary bronchi
similar as tracheostomy's but cartilage not present as full ring
- supported by smooth muscle
111
Alveolus structure
- epithelium (simple squamous) attached to basal lamina
- Type 1 pneumocytes
- Type 2 pneumocytes
- collage, elastic fibres etc
112
Type 1 pneumocytes
gas exchange
113
Type 2 pneumocytes
produce surfactant
