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Revision lectures (Year 1) > Body Logistics (4-6) > Flashcards

Body Logistics (4-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Epithelia

A

sheets of continuous cells, of varied embryonic origin, that covers the external surface of body and links many internal surfaces

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2
Q

function of epithelia

A

protection, secretion, absorption, sensation

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3
Q

basement membrane

A

thin tissue that separates the lining of internal and external body surfaces from underlying connective tissue
- basal lamina and reticular lamina

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4
Q

classification of epithelia based on

A

shape and arrangement (simple/ stratified)

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5
Q

simple arrangement

A

a single layer of cells

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6
Q

stratified

A

multiple layers

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7
Q

name the diff types of epithelial cells

A 
simple squamous
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
stratified columns
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
transitional
pseudo stratified columnar
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8
Q

simple squamous epithelia function

A

gas exchange- alveoli

barrier to fluids- bowman capsule

secrete lubricating fluid- serous membrane

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9
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • hormone synethis- thyroid gland
  • absorption and secretion- kidney
  • absorption and conduit- pancreatic duct
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10
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • absorption- gall bladder, s.intestine, colon
  • secretion- stomach lining, s.intestine, colon
  • lubrication- s.intestine, colon
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11
Q

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium features

A
  • all cells in contact with basement membrane
  • not all reach epithelia
  • nucleus at different levels
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12
Q

function of pseudo stratified columnar

A

mucus secretion and partial trapping- upper respiraotry tract

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13
Q

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection against abrasion- vagina, oesophagus, anal canal

reduces water loss- vagina, oesophagus, anal canal

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14
Q

stratified squamous keratinised feature

A

outermost layer- squamous cells that have lost their nuclei and cornfield- form the stratum corner (keratinocytes)

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15
Q

function of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

A
  • found in epidermis of skin
  • reduce water loss and ingress
  • prevent toxin and microbial ingress
  • protect against abrasion
  • protect against UV light damage
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16
Q

transitional epithelium can be

A

stretch (thick) or relaxed (deep)

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17
Q

transitional epithelium function

A

urinary tract - think distensibility

- protecting from toxic chemicals

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18
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium function and location

A
  • sweat glands

- secretion nd conduit

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19
Q

stratified columnar functionalists and location

A
  • -male urethra

- secretion and lubrication

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20
Q

name 3 cell surface specialisations

A
  • microvilli
  • stereocilia
  • cilia
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21
Q

microvilli

A

found in the intestine

- increase surface area for absorption

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22
Q

stereocilia

A

found in ductus defers, epididymis, inner ear

  • respond to fluid motion
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23
Q

cilia

A

found in trachea

- much-ciliary escalator

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24
Q

glands are

A

an aggregate of epithelial cells specialised for secretion

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25
types of glands
endocrine exocrine
26
endocrine
- secrete directly into blood, function at distant parts of the body
27
endocrine glands secrete
hormones
28
example endocrine glands
Thyroid and parathyroid gland
29
exocrine glands
secrete into a region through duct
30
exocrine glands secrete
enzyme or lubricants
31
example exocrine glands
- salivary - pancreas - mammary glands - sweat glands etc
32
types of mode of secretion (3)
1) merocrine 2) holocrine 3) apocrine
33
merocrine
fusion of vesicles with apical membrane
34
apocrine
partial loss of cytoplasm
35
holocrine
apoptosis of cell leading to discharge of contents
36
transepithelial transport
transcytosis
37
Endothelial cells (Endothelium) are often considered
specialized epithelial cells which line blood vessels.
38
Epithelial cells (Epithelium) are one of the four types of cells from which animal tissues are constructed (4)
epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective
39
types of transcytosis
- endocytosis | - exocytosis
40
endocytosis
engulfing of molecules inside cell via vesicle formation | e.g. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
41
excocytosis
secretion of molecules outside cell via vesicle fusing to emmebraner
42
glycosylation of proteins in the
endoplasmic reticulum
43
what occurs during glycosylation of proteins
N-linked glycosylation - sugars are covalently attached to asparagine side chain ( added to amino group) FORMS GLYCOPROTEINS
44
what occurs during the glycosylation of lipids
formation of glycolipids
45
importance of glycosylation
- aid protein folding - prevent protein/lipid digestion by intracellular proteases/lipases - cell recognition
46
secretion control (4)
1) negative feedback mechanism (product inhibits secretion) 2) Nervous (input from autonomic fibres) 3) Endocrine 4) Neuroendocrine
47
major endocrine glands in the body
- anterior pituitary - posterior pituitary - parathyroid gland - adrenal glands - pancreas
48
minor endocrine glands in the body
- heart - stomach - liver - duodenum - kidney
49
classification of hormones (4)
- peptide - amino acid derivatives - glycoproteins - steroids
50
peptides
largest group - short chains of amino acids - water soluble
51
examples of peptides
- Insulin - glucagon - growth hormone
52
glycoproteins
largest protein moelcules - carbohydrate side chain - water soluble
53
examples of glycoproteins
LH ~FSH TSH
54
amino acid derivatives (Amiens)
synthesised from aromatic amino acids - adrenal medulla hormones water soluble - thyroid hormons lipid soluble
55
example of amino acid derivative
adrenaline (tyr) NA (tyr) Thyroid hormone (tyr)
56
steroids are
all derived from cholesterol | - lipid soluble
57
example of steroids
cortisol aldosterone testosterone oestrogen
58
thyroid gland is found
below thryoid cartilage in front of larynx and trachea
59
histological features of the thyroid gland
- thyroid follicle (follicular cells and colloid)--> colloid store thryoglobulin - follicular cells - thyroid hormones (T3/T4) - parafollicular cells (calcitonin)
60
calcitonin
inhibits osteoclast activity in bone
61
thyroid follicle
(follicular cells and colloid)--> colloid store thryoglobulin
62
follicular cells
- thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
63
parafollicular cells
calcitonin
64
HPT axis
Hypothalamus pituitary axis
65
HPT involves which organs
hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid
66
hypothalamus releases
TRH- thyrotropin releasing hormone
67
pituitary releases
TSH
68
Thyroid releases
T3/T4 from follicular cells - 90% recreated is T4 - T4 converted to T3 in liver and kidneys
69
T4 has a ....... and T3 is
T4- longer half life | T3- more active
70
HPT axis action
- increases basal metabolic rate and heat production - stimulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism - sympathomimetic effect
71
hyperthyroidism
graves disease
72
hypothyroidism
hashimotos
73
in hypothyroidism (graves) TSH, T4, T3, Ab profile
TSH- high | T4/T4- low
74
in hyperthyroidism (hashimotos)
TSH- low | T3/T4- high
75
structure and location of parathyroid
4 glands, found posterior to thyroid
76
histological features of parathyroid gland
- Chief cells | - Oxyphil cell
77
chief cells release
parathyroid hormone
78
parathyroid hormones
causes boen to release calcium into blood | - increase reabsorption of calcium in kidneys and intestine
79
oxyphil cells
unknown
80
anatomical features of the adrenal gland
sits above the kidneys
81
structure of the adrenal glands
3 layers - capsule - cortex (zona glomerulosa, fasciata, reticular) - medulla (chromaffin cells- A and NA)
82
which part of the adrenal glands secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
the medulla- chromaffin cells
83
HPA axis
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
84
which organs involved in HPA
Hypothalamus Pituitary (anterior) Adrenal cortex
85
in HPA the hypothalamus releases
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
86
in HPA the anterior pituitary releases
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
87
in HPA the adrenal cortex releases
aldosterone, cortisol, androgen (steroid)
88
anatomical feature of the pancreas
head lies in the curvature of the dueodenum tail lies close to the spleen
89
histological features of pancrease
Acinar cells Islet of Langerhans Intercalated duct- interlobular duct- pancreatic duct
90
pancreas has both
endocrine and exocrine function
91
acinar cells
exocrine (pancreatic enzymes)
92
islet of langerhans
endocrine - alpha- glucagon - beta- insulin - gamma- somatostatin

Revision lectures (Year 1) (17 decks)

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