the relative [solute] dissolved in solution which determins the direction and extent of diffusion - influence by solutes which cant past membrane e..g albumin

Tricky topics pt2 Flashcards by Saskia Chapman

how to interfere with a G-protein function

target GTPase

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how does vibrio cholera toxin inhibit G- protein

covalently modifies alphas subunit

–> cannot be switched off by GTPase

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how does pertussis toxin inhibit G- protein

covalently modifies alphai

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haemopoeisis

the production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, differentiation of blood cells

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two branches of haemopoetic stem cells

myeloid and lymphoid

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why do RBC have no mitochondria

otherwise it would be using up its oxygen thats meant to be delivered to tissues

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outline erythropoeisis

1) megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor
2) proerythroblast
3) early erythroblast
4) intermediate erythroblast
5) laste erythroblast
6) nuclear extrusion
7) reticulocyte (NO NUCLEUS)
8) RBC

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name the granulocytes

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

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where do thrombocytes come from

1000s come from megakaryocyte - more cytoplasmic projections

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B cells mature into

plasma cells–> antibodies

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flow definition

a psychological state that occurs when both challenge and skill are high

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how many times does DNA wrap around histone octamer

1.75x

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iatrogenic

disease caused by medical interventio

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chorionic vollus

the basic structural unit that faciliates foetal maternal exchange

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haemotoxcylin

stains nucleic acid blue

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eoisin

stains proteins pink

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what needs to be maintainted cosntant in internal environment when preparing live cells

pH
pO2
temp
volume and pressure
conc of nutrients and salts

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procurement methods

curretage
transvacular
needle aspiration

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homeostasis def

the process by which cells, tissues and organisms maintain values within their normal range

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tonicity

the relative [solute] dissolved in solution which determins the direction and extent of diffusion

influence by solutes which cant past membrane e..g albumin

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lichenification occcurs due to

excessive itching or rubbing of the skin

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layers of the dermis

upper- papillary (loose connective tissue)

lower- retiticular

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papillary

vascularised- areolar

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reticular

dense irregular

80% of dermis

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fibrous proteins

- long and narrow - mostly insoluble - structural - repetitive aa sequence - less sensitive to changes in heat and pH

globular rpoteins

- round/ spherical - mostly soluble - functional (catalysts) - irregular aa sequence - more sensitive to changes in pH and temp

example of fibrous

collagen and keratin

examples of globular

type 1 collagen

bones tendons ligaments skin

type II collagen

cartilage and structure of the eyes

type III collagen

liver lungs arteries

type IV collagen

kidney and many other internal organs

type V

cell surfaces, hair and placenta

goitre

swelling of the neck due to enlarged thryoid

graves

hyperthyroidism due to activates TSH receptor

hashimotos

hypothyroidism caused by the thyroid gland being destroyed

types of lymphaedema

primary and secondary

primary lymphoedema most common cause

milroy disease (congenital)

secondary lymphedema

- surgery - radiation - cancer - infection

psoriais

long lasting autoimmune disease | - genetic caused by environmental triggers

psoriasis caused by

excessive mitosis of keratinocytes§

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

asthma

airway narrow, swelling and produce excess mucus shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing

cells in exocrine glands

cuboidal

fibroblasts look

long and have long nucleus

cis golgi

closest to the ER

trans golgi

closest to the membrane

type i pneumocytes

cells responsible for gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli v. large and thin - v susceptible to toxic insult

type i pneumocytes cannot

replicate

type II pneumocytes

responsible for production of surfactant

type II pneumocytes can

replicate- will replace damaged TI

surfactant

reduces surface tension in the lungs

pKa is the

acid dissociation constant for weak acids

higher the pKa

the less likely to ionise

if pH is less than the pKa the amino acid will be

protonated

give an example of an amino acid with a negative R group

lysine

give an example of an amino acid with a positive R group

glutamate

at pH 7 what will be the predominant form of asparate (pK2.8)

deprotonated

secondary folding

local spatial arrangement of polypeptide backbone

tertiary

final folded form | - when secodnary structures come together

isoelectric point

pH at which there is no overal ent charge

Pl in basic proteins

PI in acidic proteins

if pH is

protonated

H bonds between

O, N, H and F

alpha helix stabilised by H bonds

backbond of C=O gorup of one residue is H bonded to the NH group of the residues 4 amino acids away

on lineweaver burk blot which line is to do with affinity

on lineweaver burk blot which line is to do with Vmax

rate of enzyme catlaysed reaction is related to the conc

of substrate

michaelis menton graph shows

rectangular hyperpolar shape

vMax is the

maximal rate of velocity when all active sites are full

Tricky topics pt2 Flashcards

(71 cards)