Body logistics (7-12) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
how are exocrine glands classified
A
shape
simple/ compound
type of secretion
2
Q
exocrine glands shape
A
- tubular
- acinar
3
Q
tubular
A
elongated
4
Q
acinar
A
grape shape
5
Q
simple exocrine glands
A
drain to one duct
6
Q
compound exocrine glands
A
multiple ducts drain to common duct
7
Q
structure of a gland
A
duct portion at the top where products secreted
secretory portion- main, lower body of the duct
8
Q
types of exocrine secretion
A
serous
mucous
9
Q
serous
A
watery proteinaceous fluids
- lubrications
10
Q
mucous
A
mucus rich in glycoprotein
11
Q
a common unicellular gland
A
goblet cell
12
Q
goblet cell
A
simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
13
Q
where are goblet cells found
A
- upper resp tract
- jejunum, colon
14
Q
function of goblet cell (unicellular)
A
- lubrication
- protection
- trap dust and microbes
15
Q
parotid salivary gland is the
A
biggest salivary gland
16
Q
parotid gland secretion type
A
serous- salivary amylase
17
Q
what innervates the parotid salivary gland
A
parasympathetic innervation
18
Q
function of parotid salivary glands
A
- secrete enzyme- digest food
- secret serous- lubricates bolus
19
Q
duct system in parotid glands
A
Acinar (where serous and mucous membranes are found)–> intercalated duct –> striated duct –> interlobular duct –> principle duct
20
Q
submandibular gland found
A
a salivary gland found on the jaw
21
Q
secretion type of submandibular glands
A
serous, mucous and mix (demilune)
22
Q
stimulation of submandibular
A
parasympathetic- watery saliva (enzyme)
sympathetic- thick saliva (mucus)
23
Q
where are myoepithelial cells found
A
role in normal mammary glands
- wraps around the edges of luminal acinar cells (where serous produced)
24
Q
role of myoepithelial cells
A
able to contract- expelling luminal continents from acinar e.g. milk
25
features of myoepithelial cells
flattened nuclei- diff to see in histology
26
what give myoepithelial cells the ability to contract
actin and mysoin filaments
27
anatomical location of the ,liver
upper right abdomen- below diaphragm
28
histological features of liver
parenchymal and non parenchymal cells
- hepatocytes
- kupffer cell
- stellate cells
29
hepatocyte role
storage of iron, fat soluble vitamins and glycogen
synthesis of protein, bile, cholesterol
breakdown of hormones, drugs and toxins
30
kupffer cells
ingest pathogens
| recycle RBC
31
stellate cells
vitamine A storage
32
types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
33
myoglobin present in
skeletal and cardiac muscle
34
which muscle type. has voluntary control
skeletal
35
which muscle has involuntary control
cardiac and smooth
36
nerve muscle communication in skeletal muscle
direct
37
nerve-muscle communication in cardiac
indirect
38
nuclei arrangement ins skeletal muscle
right on the periphery
39
nuclei arrangment in cardiac and smooth
central
40
which muscle is striated
skeletal and cardiac
41
1 muscle fibre =
1 striated muscle cell
- many myofibrils
- nucleus on periphery
- T tubules
- mitochondria (sacrosome)
- sarcolemma
- sarcoplasm
- SR
42
a band
dark- thick myosin filament and slight cross over with thin actin
- stays same size during contraction
43
I bands
light- thin actin filament
| - get smaller
44
z disc
middle of the I band
| - get closer during contraction
45
M band
in the middle of the sarcomere
46
myofibrils forms
muscle fibre
47
muscle fibers form
muscle fascicles
48
muscle fascicles form
skeletal muscle
49
muscle contraction at the NMJ
1) Nervous impulse arrive at NMJ
2) Ach released into synaptic cleft- binds to each receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
3) depolarisation of sarcolemma
4) voltage-gates Na+ channels opens nd sodium enters the cell
5) depolarisations reads across the sarcolemma and down into the T tubules
6) Voltage gated ca channels of terminal cisternae open
7) calcium released into sarcoplasm
8) Ca binds to TnC (subunit of troponin)- contractile cycle intitiated
50
myasthenia gravis is what type of disease
autoimmune
51
summary of myasthenia gravis
antibodies block NAch receptors- reducing sympathetic transmission--> muscle weakeness
52
symptoms of myasthenia gravis
- ptosis, diplopia
- fatigue at end of day
- loss of breathing control (myasthenia crisis)
53
treatment of MG
- immunosuppressive drugs
| - acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
54
botulism and the NMJ
clostridium botulinum produces botulinum Toxin A
| - block NT release at motor end plate
55
clinical use of botulinum A
muscle spasms, wrinkles
56
organophosphate poisoning
inhibits Ach esterase--> continuous Ach activity at NMJ
57
symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
cholinergic toxidrome
58
cholinergic toxidrome Muscarinic symptoms
```
S- salivation
L- Lacrimation
U- urination
D- defecation
G- GI cramping
E- emesis
```
59
cholinergic toxidrome nicotinic symptoms
```
M- muscle cramps
T- tacky cardia
W- weakness
T- twitching
F- fasciculations
```
60
sliding filement model
1) myosin head hydrolyses App to ADP + P, reorientates itself and reenergises
2) Myosin heads bid to actin- cross bridges forms, P is released
3) myosin head tilts towards the centre of the sarcomere, ADP is released
4) New ATO binds to myosin head- cross bridge detach from actin
61
Skeletal muscle histology
- peripheral
- striated
- 3 contractile cell types
62
name the 3 contractile cell types of skeletal muscle
- Slow twitch- type 1
- fast twitch
- -> Type 2A
- -> Type 2B
63
Type 1 skeletal fibres
slow twitch
- rich capillary supply
- aerobic
- high myoglobin levels
- many mitochondria
- many cytochromes
- red
- fatigue resistant
- endurance type activities
- standing/ walking
64
Type 2A muscle fibres
fast twitch
- rich capillary supply
- aerobic
- high myoglobin
- many intermediate mitochondrial numbers
- many cytochromes
- red to pink
- moderate fatigue resistance
- assists type 1 and type 2B actiivites
- standing/ walking
65
Type 2B muscle fibres
fast twitch
- poor capillary supply
- anaerobic
- low myoglobin levels
- few mitochondria
- few cytochromes
- white
- rapidly fatigues
- strengths/ anaerobic type activities
- e.g. sprinting
66
which muscle fibres are red/ pink
Type 1 and Type 2A
| - myoglobin
67
which muscle fibres are white
Type 2B- fastest twitch
| - no myoglobin
68
cardiac muscle histology
Nuclei- central and large
- striations
- intercalated discs
- branching
- sarcomere not fully developed
- no T tubules
- 1 contractile cell tyope
69
Purkunje fibres
no contractile machinery
| - many glycogen and gap junctions
70
purkunje fibres in the heart allow
rapid conduct- ventricles contract in synchronous manner
71
smooth muscle hisotlogy
Nuclei- central and large
- fusiform (spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends)
- non striated
- no T tubules
- 1 contractile cell type
72
muscle hypertrophy
repeated exercise --> microtears of muscle fibres--> new and extra myofibrils added
73
muscle atrophy
caused byL immobilisartion, denervation of muscle and muscular dystrophy
- wasting of muscle tissue due to lack of use
74
Duchenne muscular dystrophy inheritance
X-linked recessive
| - dystrophin gene mutation
75
pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- absence of dystrophin
- excess calcium enter muscle cell
- calcium uptakes by mitochondria
- water drawn into mitochondria- burst
- rhabdomyolysis
- CK and myoglobin released into plasma
76
rhabdomyolysis
rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly
77
symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- shoulders arms held backwards
- belly sticks out
- thin, weak thighs
- poor balance
78
definition of connective tissue
tissue that connects, supports, binds or separates other tissues or organs
79
structures of connective tissues
Cells, fibres and ground substance
80
which cells make up connective tissue
- fibroblasts
- adipocytes
- reticular cells
81
which fibres make up connective tissue
collagen, elastin, reticular fibres
82
what makes up ground substance
- Viscous clear substance with slippery feel (high water content)
- Composed of proteoglycans called GAGs e.g. hyaluronic acids
83
what makes up the ECM in connective tissue
ground substance and fibers
84
function of connective tissue
- binding
- supporting
- protecting
- insulating
- separation of tissue
85
fibroblasts secrete
procollagen
86
myofibroblast
wound contractionwo
87
adipocte
fat storage
88
mesenchymal stem cells
replenish cells
89
mast cells
histamine release
90
macrophages
APCs
91
types of fibres found in ECM of connective tissue
collagen
reticular
elastic
92
collagen has
high tensile strength and flexibility
93
how many types of collagen
5
94
type I collagen
```
most common (90%)
- tendons, ligaments, dermis
```
95
type II collagen
hyaline and elastic cartilage
96
type III collagen
lymphoid tissues and organs
| RETICULIN
97
type IV collagen
basement membrane- epithelial tissue
98
Type V
skin, placenta
99
elastic fibres in connective tissue
elastin and fibrillin
100
features of ECM- ground substance
gel like extracellular space that contains proteoglycans
101
proteoglycan
core protein with covalently bonded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
102
GAG
very hydrophilic
- permits rapid diffusion
- resist compression
103
loose connective tissue function
holds vessels
- permits migration
- stabilities organs
104
composition of loose connective tissue
- highly cellular
- sparse fibres
- abundant ground substance
105
distribution of loose connective tissue
capillaries, lamina propria
| - around glands
106
dense connective tissue can be
regular and irregular
107
dense connective tissue general composition
few cells
| - abundant fibres- collagen
108
irregular dense connective tissue
- contains fibroblasts
- Collagen I fibres in all directions
- resists stress in all directions
109
examples of irregular dense connective tissue
- deep layers of the dermis
| - submucosa of intestine
110
regular dense connective tissue
- cotnains fbroplastas
- collagen 1 fibres in parallel
- resists stress in only one direction
111
examples of regular dense connective tissue
- tendons
- ligaments
- aponeuroses
