Body Systems Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
Regulation of a constant internal environment
2
Q
Anastomosis
A
Connection between two passages (e.g. blood vessels) that are normally diverging
3
Q
Bifurcates
A
Division of blood vessel into two branches
4
Q
Endocardium
A
Inner layer of heart
SImple squamous, endothelium, with a small lamina propria
5
Q
Myocardium
A
Middle layer of heart
Cardiac muscle
6
Q
Epicardium
A
Outer layer of heart
Visceral pericardium
7
Q
Lamina propria
A
Thin layer of loose areolar connective tissue, lying below epithelium.
8
Q
Aurcile
A
Extension of main heart chamber, on the top of the atria.
9
Q
Haemostasis
A
The stopping of blood flow, first stage of wound healing
10
Q
Haemotapoiesis
A
Production of all cells
Red and white blood cells and platelets
11
Q
Percentage composition of blood
A
55% plasma
45% formed elements
12
Q
Erythropoieten
A
Hormone required for for red blood cell production
13
Q
Blast cell
A
Premature cell, may remain in bone marrow
14
Q
Anaemia
A
Haemoglobin concentration in whole blood below accepted normal range
15
Q
Causes of anaemia
A
- Decreased RBC prod.
- INcreased RBC dest.
- Blood loss
16
Q
Extravasation
A
Leakage of blood or lymph out of blood vessels into surrounding tissue.
17
Q
Diapedesis
A
Passage of blood cells through capillary walls
18
Q
Difference between leukocyte and lymphocyte
A
Lymphocyte - type of WBC
Leukocyte - all WBCs
19
Q
Platelet growth factor
A
Thrombopoietin
20
Q
Red blood cell growth factor
A
Erythropoietin
21
Q
Mean arterial pressure =
A
Mean arterial pressure = diastolic pressure / 1/3 of pulse pressure
22
Q
Pulse pressure
A
Difference in systolic and diastolic pressures
23
Q
Considerations of cardiac cycle
A
- Electrical events
- Mechanical events
- Electro-mechanical contraction coupling
24
Q
ECG
A
Detects electrical responses across the heart, shows action potentials occurring across heart.
25
What stages of the cardiac cycle does the ECG reflect?
- atrial contraction / relaxation;
- ventricular contraction / relaxation;
- conduction velocities of the electrical signals
26
QT interval
Time from initiation of ventricular contraction to end of ventricular relaxation
27
T wave
Ventricle depolarization and relaxation
28
QRS complex
Spread of electrical signal causing ventricular myocyte depolarization and contraction
29
Tachycardia
Overly fast heart rate
30
Bradycardia
Overly slow heart rate
31
Positive inotropic effect
Increased contractility of the heart caused by a molecule
32
Hypotension
When blood pressure is too low
33
Hypertension
When blood pressure is too high - leads to CHD
34
Cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
35
total peripheral resistance
sum of arteriolar resistance
36
Exception to mediators in blood vessel resistance
Pulmonary circulation -
| Low O2 and High CO2 cause constriction of arterioles
37
Capillary exchange
Chemical and gaseous exchange between blood and interstitial fluid across capillaries.
38
Fenestrated capillaries
Present in hypothalamus, kidneys, endocrine organs and intestinal tract
39
Voltage-gated Ca2+ Channel Antagonists
Inhibit membrane cardiac/vascular depolarization:-
| ↓ CO; cause vasodilation
40
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
Blocks actions of AT2 on vasoconstriction
41
ACE inhibitors
- Inhibit actions of AT2 on aldosterone prod. so preventing renal Na+/H2O absorption & blood vol. increase
- Inhibits vasoconstrictor actions of AT2
42
Thiazide Diuretics
↑ Na+ & water loss, so decrease fluid volume
↓ venous return
↓ cardiac output (CO)
43
α-Adrenoceptor Antagonists “α-blockers”
Reduce TPR by inhibiting action of noradrenaline
44
β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists “β-blockers”
↓ CO
↓ SNS activity centrally
↓ renin release – leads to favoured secondary actions
45
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening and thickening of artery walls.
| Loss of elasticity in tissue.
46
Atheroscleorosis
Plaque damage to the endothelium, atheroma in blood vessel walls.
47
Total body water
42 litres
48
Total intracellular fluid
25 litres
49
Total extracellular fluid
17 litres
| comprises plasma, interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid
50
Transcellular fluid found
Have to cross over layer of epithelilal to get it. Generally excretions and secretions.
51
Difference between interstitial fluid and other transcellular fluids
No proteins
52
Types of carrier protein
Facilitator/uniport
Cotransporter/symport
Exchanger/antiport
53
Facilitator/uniport
Transport 1 type of ion in one direction
54
Symport/cotransporter
Transport 2 types of ion in one direction
55
Antiport/exchanger
Swaps ions
| e.g. Cl- for K+
56
Which channel in a cell are all other ion channels dependent on?
Na+, K+ pump
57
Electric gradient of cell
negative inside relative to outside, due to K+.
58
What maintains electrical gradient of cell?
Negative organic ions attract K+ meaning it cannot leave cell. Present in excitable cells.
59
Oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure exerted within cardiovascular system by proteins found in blood plasma.
60
Water distribution in blood vessels and capillary bed
Via capillary endothelium.
| Hydrostatic pressure from heart contractions forces water out. Osmotic pressure from plasma proteins draws water in.
61
Innermost layer of intestinal epithelial cell, facing lumen
Apical membrane
62
Outermost layer of intestinal epithelial cell, facing cells and capillaries
basolateral
63
Negative feedback control
aims to maintain a controlled variable at its set point
64
What does the sensor send an impulse to in order to activate the effector to correct the change in a variable
Integrating centre
65
What centre of the brain controls blood pressure
medulla oblongata
66
Positive feed back
Initial stimulus causes a response which reinforces itself
67
Examples of positive feedback
1) Action potential in nerves - stops upon depolarisation
2) ovulation - stops when egg is released
3) blood clotting - stops once clot has formed
68
Thrombin
A hormone involved in the positive feedback response of blood clotting, by activating clotting factors which in turn, activate release of thrombin
69
What tissue does the autonomic nerves control
SMooth & cardiac muscle, glands
70
What tissue does somatic nerves control
skeletal muscles - voluntary
71
System of neurons in autonomic neurons
Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron
Target cell
72
Ganglionic neurotransitter in parasympathetic nervous system
Acetyl choline
73
Ganglionic neurotransmitter in sympathetic nervous system
Acetyl choline
74
Where is oxytocin released?
Posterior pituitary
75
Outflow from CNS sympathetic
Thoraic and lumbar
76
Outflow from CNS paraympathetic
Cranial and Sacral
77
Prepanglionic fibre sympathetic
short
78
Prepganglionic fibre parasympathetic
long
79
Postganglionic fibre sympathetic
long
80
Postganglionic fibre parasympathic
Short
81
Neuroeffector transmitter sympathetic
NA
82
Neuroeffector transmitter parasympathetic
ACh
83
Four types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
84
Epithelial tissue
- Dense populations of connected cells, organised in varying layers and shapes
- Line surfaces of our body
- capable of regeneration
- Polarity (apical + basal)
85
Connective tissue
- Sparse populations of cells suspended in a uniform, extracellular matrix
- Matrix & function differing
- 6 types: loose, fibrous, adipose, cartilage, bone and blood.
86
Loose connective tissue
- Connects epithelial tissue to underlying tissue
| - Holds internal organs in place
87
Fibrous connective tissue
- Connects muscle to bone
- Ligands
- Made of strong collagen fibres
88
Adipose connective tissue cells
- Fat storing cells
- Insulates body
- Energy stockpile
89
Cartilage connective tissue
- Rubber extracellular matrix
- Found at ear, nose & bones
- Shock absorber
- Reduces friction
90
Bone as a connective tissue
- Extracellular matrix consists of rubbery protein fibres hardened by Ca2+ salt deposits
- Provide support and protection as well as movement
91
Blood as a connective tissue
- Different cells in plasma
- Circulating fluid of cardiovascular system
- Gas exchange and chemical reactions
92
Muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
93
Skeletal muscle
- Striations due to organised contracting proteins
- Linear cylindrical cells
- Voluntary movement
- Bones and tendons
94
Cardiac muscle
- Striations
- Heartbeat
- Heart
95
Smooth muscle
- Involuntary muscle contractions
| - Internal organs and blood vessels
96
Nervous tissue
- send & receive action potentials
| - Electrical communication in body
97
Epithelial cell layers
Simple - one layer
| Stratified - two+ layers
98
Shapes of epithelial cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
99
Intercellular junction
Specialised area of cell membrane that binds cells together.
- Desmosomes
- Hemidesmosomes
- Tight junctions
- Gap junctions
100
Desmosomes
Intercellular junction
- Between adjacent cells
- Very strong connections
- Resist stretching and twisting
- Between stratified squamous cells in skin
101
Hemidesmosomes
Intercellular junction
| - Anchor cells to basement membrane
102
Tight junctions
Intercellular junction
| Apical side of cells, interlock proteins and membranes, preventing passage of water and solutes between cells.
103
Gap junction
Allows small molecules and ions to pass through cells allowing spread of impulses
104
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
- Just below epithelium
- Contains ground substance and few fibres
- Variety of cells
105
Similarities between muscle tissue types
- muscle fibres, contract parallel to length
- Numerous mitochondria
- Contractile elements
106
Avascular
appears stratified as some cells don’t reach free surface.
107
Pseudostratified
appears stratified as some cells don’t reach free surface
108
Mucociliary escalator
defence mechanism protecting the lungs involving ciliary action & flow of mucus from the bronchioles
109
3 layers of blood vessels
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
110
Tunica intima
- Simple squamous epithelium
| - Basal lamina of epithelial cells
111
Tunica media
- Smooth muscle fibres in connective tissue
| - May have elastic fibres
112
Tunica adventia
- Connective tissue
- Merges with surrounding connective tissue
- Large vessels/veins
113
Types of arteries
- Elastic/conducting
- Muscular
- Arterioles
114
Elastic arterioles
e. g. aorta, common carotid
- withstands changes in presssure
- Ensures continuous blood flow
115
Muscular arteries
e. g. brachial, femoral
- Name = area going to
- Distribute blood to muscles and organs
- Vasodilation/constriction to control rate of blood flow
116
Arterioles/resistance vessels
- Vasoconstriction/dilation
| - Control blood flow to organs
117
Types of capillaires
Continous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
118
Continous capillaries
Pass through cells
| e.g. smoothmuscle, lungs
119
Fenestrated capilarries
- Pores in endothelial lining
- Rapid exchange of water and large solutes
- Absorption
120
Sinusoidal capillaries
- Between endothelial cells are spaces - no basement membrane
- Exchange of large solutes
- Blood moves through slowly
121
Meta arterioles
Supply single single capillary bed
122
Precapillary sphincter
- guarded entrance to each capillary
| - Increase/decrease blood flow
123
Arteriovenous anastomoses
- Direct communication between arteriole and veunule
| - When dilated blood bypasses capillary bed
124
Veins
Low pressure system
| Easily distensible
125
Superior/inferior
Higher/lower
126
Proximal/distal
Closer to/further away
127
Medial
Towards mid line
128
Anterior/ventral
| Posterior/dorsal
Back and front
129
Sagittal
Splits body from right to left
130
Coronal/frontal
Side to side, front and back
131
Transverse/horizontal
Upper and lower parts
132
Blood circulatory system contains
- Systematic
- Pulmonary
- Coronary
133
Specialised circulatory systems
- portal
| - foetal
134
Jugular
Neck
135
Brachium
Arm
136
Popliteal fossa
Back of knee
137
Auxillary fossa
Arm pit
138
Ilium
Hip bone
139
Febur
Thigh
140
TIbia
Bone in lower leg
141
Radius and ulna
Forearm
142
Systematic circulation
- High pressure system on arterial side
| - Takes and returns blood from heart to tissues
143
Braciocephalic trunk
- Vessel leaving aortic arch
- Arm and head
- Breaks into common carotid and right subclavian
144
Subclavian artery leads to
Auxillary
Brachial
forearm
radial and ulna
145
External illiac extends to
lower limbs
femoral
politeal
anterior and interior tibial
146
Venous return of blood in legs
```
Anterior/interior tibial
Popliteal
Femoral
External and internal iliac
Common iliac
Inferior vena cava
```
147
Venous return in upper limbs
```
Radial and ulna
Brachial
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
```
148
Portal crculation
Involves two capillary beds on either side of a portal vessel.
Hepatic portal goes from intestines to liver, where nutrients are removed.
149
Foetal circulation
Bypasses liver, lungs and GI tract
150
Lymphatic tissues and organs
Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
151
Functions of lymphatic system
Body defense
| Drainage of interstitial fluid
152
Lymphatic drainage
Lymph capillaries ->Vessels -> trunks
Filters through nodes
Drains into thoraic duct (L. Subclavian) or right lymphatic duct (R. subclavian)
153
Pericardium
Layers of tissue covering and protecting the heart.
154
Serious pericardium
Double layered serous membrane that lies deep to fibrous pericardium.
- outer and inner layer
155
Fibrous pericardium
Dense, connective, elastic tissue.
| Prevents heart from overfilling and anchors its positions
156
3 layers of heart wall
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
157
Endocardium
inner layer of heart – simple squamous, endothelium with small lamina propria
158
Myocardium
middle layer of heart – cardiac muscle
159
Epicardium
outer layer of heart – visceral pericardium.
- Connective tissue w/ serous membrane
- Coronary vessels run through it
160
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary
| aortic
161
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid - R
Bicuspid - L
Anchored by chordae tendinae to papillary muscles
162
Angiotherapy
Medical imaging technique used to examine patency of vessels
163
Electrocardiogram
Records electrical activity of the heart
164
Lamina propria
Thin layer of loose areolar connective tissue, lying below epithelium. Constitutes mucosa w/ epithelium & basement membrane.
165
Chordae tendineae
Group of tough, tendinous strands in heart. Important in holding AV valves in place whilst heart pumps blood
166
Trabeculae carnae
Meaty ridges which project from inner surface of right ventricle of heart.
167
Papillary muscles
muscles in ventricles of heart, attach to cusps of AV valves
168
Pectinate muscles
parallel ridges in walls of atria of heart. Resemble teeth of a comb.
169
Anastomosis
Interconnection between parts of a branching system forming a network
170
3 circulatory shortcuts in foetus
- Ductus venosus
- Foramen ovale
- Ductus arteriosus
171
Ductus venosus
connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava (bypasses liver)
Becomes ligamentum venosum after birth
172
Foramen ovale
Connects right & left atria
| Becomes fossa ovalis after birth
173
Ductus arteriosus
connects pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta
| Becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth
174
P wave
Atrial depolarization and contraction
175
QRS complex
Spread of electrical signal causing ventricular muscle contraction, and arterial relaxation
176
T wave
Ventricle repolarised and relaxed
177
QT interval
Time from ventricle contraction to relaxation
