HAEMOTOLOGY

Question 1

Haemotapoiesis

Answer 1

• blood cell formation
• Produced by hematopoietic stem cell
• Can form common myeloid or lymphoid progenitor

Question 2

Plasma proteins

Answer 2

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins

Question 3

Other solutes in blood

Answer 3

Electrolytes
Organic nutrients
Waste

Question 4

Lymphoid progenitor

Answer 4

Produces white blood cells

Question 5

Myeloid progenitor

Answer 5

Produces Myeloblast
Cytokines, growth factors and hormones
Thrombocytes
Macrophages

Question 6

Erythropoiesis

Answer 6

Formation of red blood cells

Question 7

Requirements for erythropoiesis

Answer 7

• Erythropoieten
• Iron
• Vitamin B12, folic acid
• Intrinsic factor
• Amino acids

Question 8

Where does erythropoiesis occur in adults?

Answer 8

Only red Bone marrow

Question 9

Where does erythropoeisis occur in foetus

Answer 9

Yolk sac
then liver and spleen
then bone marrow

Question 10

life span of RBC

Answer 10

120 days

Question 11

What substances are recycled for breakdown of RBCs?

Answer 11

Ferritin
Iron
Transferrin
Amino acids

Question 12

Whats secreted into the bile from leftover RBC breakdown?

Answer 12

Bilirubin

Question 13

What breaks down old RBCs?

Answer 13

Macrophages

Question 14

Causes of hypoxia

Answer 14

• Increased exercise
• High altitude
• Smoking
• Bleeding

Question 15

What detects hypoxia?

Answer 15

Kidneys - produce EPO

Question 16

Haemoglobin synthesis occurs in ?

Answer 16

Proerthroblast

Question 17

How much Hb in blood?

Answer 17

15g/dl

Question 18

Components of Hb

Answer 18

2 alpha subunits
2 beta subunits
Each bound to haem Fe2+

Question 19

What does Hb carry?

Answer 19

Oxygen
CO2
CO
H+

Question 20

Anaemia

Answer 20

Low Hb level in blood

Question 21

Causes of anaemia

Answer 21

• Decreased RBC production
• Increased RBC destruction
• Blood loss

Question 22

Types of anaemia

Answer 22

Iron deficiency anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
Folic acid deficiency
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia

Question 23

Iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 23

• Most common
• Microcytic and hypocrhomic RBCs
• Decreased MCV

Question 24

Hypochromic

Answer 24

Pale RBCs due to lack of iron

Question 25

Microcytic

Answer 25

smaller than normal RBCs due to lack of iron

Question 26

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 26

Pregnancy Malnutrition Malabsorption Bleeding in GI tract Menorrhagia

Question 27

Malabsorption

Answer 27

Improper absorbing of nutrients from gut, e.g. chrons disease

Question 28

Menorhagia

Answer 28

XS bleeding during menstruation

Question 29

Where do white blood cells come from?

Answer 29

Lymphoid progenitor

Question 30

Eosinophils

Answer 30

Bilobular nucleus 1-3 days Attack parasites, bacteria and debris by releasing toxic compounds Allergies and asthma

Question 31

Basophils

Answer 31

``` S shaped nucleus Large granules Inflammatory response Unknown lifespan Least common ```

Question 32

Monocytes

Answer 32

Largest Horse shoe shaped nucleus Become tissue macrophages Phagocytic

Question 33

Lymphocytes

Answer 33

Smallest Weeks to years Central role in immunological defense Three types

Question 34

T cells

Answer 34

Mediate cell-mediated immunity

Question 35

B cells

Answer 35

Differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies

Question 36

Natural killer cells

Answer 36

Surveillance, prevent cancer

Question 37

Phagocytic white blood cells

Answer 37

Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes

Question 38

Normal WBC count

Answer 38

4-11 x 10^(9) / litre

Question 39

Granulocytes

Answer 39

Neutrophils Eoisonphils Basophils

Question 40

Agranulocytes

Answer 40

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 41

All white blood cells can

Answer 41

Migrate out bloodstream Amoeboid movement Attract to specific stimuli

Question 42

Haemostasis

Answer 42

Process by which body forms clot to protect you from losing blood.

Question 43

Fibrinolysis

Answer 43

Fibrin clot broken down by plasmin

Question 44

Where are platelets produced ?

Answer 44

Megakaryocyte cytoplasm

Question 45

Elements of haemostatic response

Answer 45

Vasoconstriction Platelet adhesion & aggregation Clotting

Question 46

Normal life span of platelets

Answer 46

7-10 days

Question 47

What substances cause vasoconstriction following a cut to the skin.

Answer 47

5 HT | Thromboxane A2

Question 48

What does ADP cause in vasoconstriction during haemostasis?

Answer 48

Causes platelets to change shape and swell, causing positive feedback as greater aggregation occurs.

Question 49

Factor 10 activates

Answer 49

Prothrombinase

Question 50

Thrombin catalyses

Answer 50

Fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 51

Anticoaguants

Answer 51

Antithrombin | Heparin