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Excitable cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Large tract of white matter containing axons linking the left & right sides of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex forms from the

A

telecephalon

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3
Q

Rhombencephalon gives rise to the

A

cerebellum
medulla oblongata
pons

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4
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Involved in sensory input.

Related disorders include mental retardation and foetal alcohol syndrome.

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5
Q

Forebrain/prosencephalon consists of the

A

telecephalon and diencephalon

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6
Q

Rhombencephalon functions

A

oldest part of the brain

controls attention and sleep

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7
Q

Ataxia

A

Disorder of cerebellum

Causes a lack of coordination

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8
Q

Cerebellum function

A

motor planning

coordination of movement

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9
Q

Degeneration of the substantia nigra is associated with which disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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10
Q

Over-activity of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways is linked to

A

Schizophrenia

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11
Q

Peak in the folding of the cortex

A

Gyrus

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12
Q

Troughs in folding of nucleus

A

Sulci

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched projections from the neurone’s cell body. Form synapses with axons of other neurones and contain receptors to respond to neurotransmitters

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14
Q

Type of glial cell that myelinates neurones in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

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15
Q

Microfilament

A

Actin polymer
Thinner part of cytoskeleton
Mediates changes in cell shape

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16
Q

Where does sensory information enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root

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17
Q

Where does motor information leave the spinal cord

A

Ventral root

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18
Q

Where is the pons and medulla contained?

A

Brain stem

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Controls input to the cortex

Located at the centre of the brain

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20
Q

T/F Axons are present in gray and white matter

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Where is the voltage sensor of the voltage-gated sodium channel located?

A

4th transmembrane domain due to positive charges allowing it to move in response to changes in the membrane field.

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22
Q

Main functions of the ANS

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
  • The rate and force of the heartbeat
  • All exocrine and some endocrine secretions
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23
Q

What happens to the overall charge of the cell if K+ leaves?

A

Negative charge created - opposes further movement of K+ out of the cell. Limited K+ required to create the charge.

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24
Q

Capacitance

A

Ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential

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25
What cells produce myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cell
26
Allosteric modulator
Binds the receptor at a different site to alter how receptor responds to ligand
27
Example of ionotropic acetylcholine receptor?
nicotinic
28
example of metabotropic receptors?
mAChR Dopamine GabaB
29
What type of receptor is a voltage-gated sodium channel?
GPCR
30
Stroke involves
reduced blood flow and oxygen to the brain
31
Gap junction channels are composed of...
6 connexin subunits form a connexon. 2 connexons form a gap junction.
32
Cytokines
Small proteins involved in all forms of disease and injury
33
What type of receptor is a voltage-gated sodium channel?
GPCR
34
Electrical synapse transmission occurs at sites known as...
Gap junction
35
Gap junction channels are composed of...
6 connexin subunits form a connexon. 2 connexons form a gap junction.
36
Categories of neurotransmitter
Amino acid Amine Peptide
37
Action potential firing is dependent on:
- Net sign of combined input - Strength of synaptic input - Location of synapse - Firing frequency of presynaptic neuron
38
In response to a stimulus above the threshold potential, the size of a neuronal action potential...
is independent of the stimulus size
39
The inactivation gate of the voltage gated sodium channel is also known as the...
h gate
40
Voltage gated sodium channels are blocked by...
Local anaesthetics
41
Use of cell-attached patch clamp configuration?
To record currents through a limited number (1-2) active channels at cell surface
42
Use of inside-out patch clamp configuration?
Record currents through single active channel away from cell
43
Use of outside-out patch clamp configuration?
Records currents through single active channel away from cell
44
Use of whole-cell patch clamp configuration?
Record currents through active channels in whole cell.
45
Advantages of cell-attached patch clamp configuration?
Good for looking at single channel currents in response to regulation of channels by cell
46
Advantages of inside-out patch clamp configuration?
Can look at agents that modulate channel by working at its intracellular face
47
Advantages of outside-out patch clamp configuration?
For looking at agents that modulate channel by working at its extracellular face
48
Advantages of whole-cell patch clamp configuration?
Good for looking at cell currents in response to drugs added from outside, or regulation of channels by cells
49
Advantages of myelination
Speed Compactness of neurones Energy efficiency
50
Why are cytoplasmic levels of calcium very low?
It is sequestered into intracellular stores very quickly
51
What sodium channel blocker do dinoflagellates produce which causes red-time shell fish poisoning?
Saxitoxin
52
How many subunits do nicotinic acetylcholine receptors contain? what does this make them?
pentamers
53
the electrochemical gradient of ion across the cell membranes determines...
the movement of ions through channels in the cell membrane
54
what does fick's law describe?
the rate of diffusion of a molecule
55
An example of an ion that is biochemically, but not physiologically useful in neurons is
Mg2+
56
What toxin do foxgloves produce?
digoxin
57
The production of what toxin by symbiotic bacteria is utilised by puffer fish as a defence mechanism
tetrodotoxin
58
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Disease where the Schwann cells insulating alpha motor neurones are attacked
59
Parkinson's disease
involves destruction of the nigro-striatal pathway in the brain
60
Which GABA receptor is ionotropic
GABAa | ligand-gated Cl channel
61
Which GABA receptor is metabotropic?
GABAb
62
Calcium release mechanism in skeletal muscle...
DHP receptor (L type Ca channel) acts as voltage sensor, and is mechanically coupled to ryanodine receptor which allow Ca passage
63
Calcium release mechanism in cardiac muscle...
Calcium Induced Calcium Release
64
SNARE proteins
Present on the vesicle membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, it facilitates vesicle fusion upon binding together.
65
Clathrin
Protein involved in budding and recycling of synaptic vesicles
66
Botulinum toxin
Cleaves SNARE proteins, preventing ACh release resulting in fatal paralysis
67
Horizontal cells
Respond to light intensity, inhibitory, prevent responses to single photoreceptors being activated.
68
Retinal ganglion cells
Process images before brain, and has role in colour coordination.
69
Umami, sweet and bitter taste receptors are...
GPCRs
70
Sour taste receptors are
TRP channels
71
Mechano hair cells in ears depolarise due to an influx of...
Calcium ions
72
interaural time difference
Position of sound source is detected by comparing the time of the sound arrival to both ears.
73
Semicircular canals in ears
Detect head rotations
74
Otolith organs
In ears, use CaCO3 to detect force of gravity and acceleration.
75
Terminal cisternae
Portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, adjacent to t-tubules. They contain ryanoidine receptors which open allowing calcium influx.
76
A sensory receptor that responds to a skeletal muscle being stretched is a
Muscle spindle
77
Proprioceptors which respond to muscle stretching.
Muscle spindles
78
Retrograde amnesia
Memory loss for event prior to trauma
79
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to lay down new memories
80
Hebb's rule
Repeated and strong activation between synapses, enhances their connection.
81
Evidence for activity dependent synaptic plasticity
Density of AMPA receptors in hippocampus reduced when activity deprived.
82
drug which increases duration of openings of GABAA receptors
Barbiturate
83
Drosophila mutant which shows a defect in cAMP phosphodiesterase
Dunce
84
Channel which can be blocked by Mg2+ ions
NMDA receptors
85
Sodium channel activated by glutamate
AMPA receptor
86
Retrograde signalling molecule released by neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus
Nitric oxide
87
Where in the axon does the AP begin
Hillcock
88
How do neurons encode information
Frequency modulation
89
Type of memory encoding for learnt skills
Procedural
90
Benzodiazepines
Sedatives, anti-epilepsy and anti-anxiety drugs. They work by increasing the opening frequency of the GABAA receptor chloride channel, increasing neuronal inhibition.
91
Startle disease
Caused by mutation in glycine receptors
92
Glycine receptors
inhibitory ligand-gated Cl channels heavily expressed in the spinal cord. Mutations cause hyperekplexia, an exaggerated startle reflex
93
area of tissue damaged in a stroke or HA.
Infarct
94
Key substances in excitotoxicity
Calcium NO Glutamate - linked to tissue damage Interleukin 1 - inflammation
95
which cells handle glutamate uptake in the brain
Astrocytes
96
The depolarisation phase of action potentials in Paramecium is based around which ion
Ca2+ | Reverses ciliary beat
97
Capacitance
Separation of electrical charges across an insulating material.

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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