Bone Flashcards by Sam Taaghol

What makes up a long bone?

Diaphysis
2 epiphysis
2 metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
endosteum

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What is the diaphysis?

bone shaft
centre of long bone

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What is an epiphysis?

end of the long bone
connects to joints

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What is a metaphysis?

part of long bone connecting diaphysis and epiphysis

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What does articular cartilage do?

covers the epiphysis

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What is the periosteum?

connective tissue covering the diaphysis

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What is the medullary cavity?

Hollow region within the diaphysis

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What is the endosteum?

membrane lining medullary cavity

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What is the bone tissue?

specialised connective tissue
highly vascular
constantly changing in response to forces applied

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What is the structure of the ECM for bone tissue?

ECM surrounding widely separated cells
ECM made of water, organic, and inorganic mineralised materials

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What is the function of organic and inorganic materials within bone tissue?

provide rigidity whilst retaining flexibility

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What causes bone tissue to be mineralised?

Calcium salts

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What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Stem cells

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What are osteoblast cells?

Bone-building cells that secrete ECM

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What are osteocyte cells?

mature bone cells

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What are osteoclast cells?

They remodel bones and release calcium

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What are the 2 types of structures bones can have?

Compact (cortical)
Spongy (cancellous)

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What is the structure of compact bone?

Dense rigid outer shell of long bone
Concentric layers around vessels
Neurovascular chanells with interconnection
Bone cells are within cavities
Channels connect bone cells and blood

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What is a lamellae?

Concentric layers of bone tissue

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What are haversian canals?

Nerovascular channels in bone tissue

What are Volkmanns canals?

Connect haversian canals

What are lacunae?

Bone cells within cavities

What is the structure of spongy bone?

thin interconnecting bone trabeculae
lightweight and aligned
provides structural and tissue support
Space for red bone marrow and hemopoiesis

What does trabeculae mean?

Honeycomb

What occurs at hemopoiesis?

RBC production

What are the 5 shapes we classify bone via?

1. Long 2. short 3. flat 4. irregular 5. sesamoid

How is blood supplied to bones?

* periosteal arteries (+veins) enter volkmanns canals

How are nutrients supplied to bones?

* entre centre of diaphysis through nutrient foramen

What is ossification?

bone formation

What are the 2 methods of ossification?

1. Intemembranous 2. Endochondral

What is intramembranous ossification?

Skull bone formation

What is endochondral ossification?

Long bone formation

What are the 4 situations where bone ossification occurs?

1. Embyological and fetal development 2. Growth before adulthood 3. Remodelling 4. Healing fractures

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

* Within embryonic tissue

What are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?

1. Ossification centre forms: osteoblast excrete ECM 2. Calcification: salts deposited, matrix hardens, osteocytes in lacuna 3. Trabeculae form: ECM develops into trabeculae, which become spongy bone 4. Periosteum forms

What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?

1. Chloroplasts form cartilage model 2. Chondrocytes undergo cell division, growing cartilage model 3. Primary ossification centre forms, cartilage replaced by bone 4. Medullary cavity forms via osteoclasts breaking down bone 5. Secondary ossification centre forms in epiphysis 6. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate form

How do bones become longer?

Bone material added on diaphyseal side of epiphyseal growth plate via **interstitial growth**

What happens to the epiphyseal plates during growth?

They undergo endochondral ossification

When does bone stop growing?

When the epiphysis closes

How do bones become thicker?

appositional growth

How does appositional growth occur?

* perosteal ridges close around periosteal blood vessels * endosteum form * osteoblasts head towards endosteum, forming concentric circle

What happens to the medullary cavity during appositional growth?

* Osteoclasts destroy bone on inner surface, widening medullary cavity

What are the 3 stages of healing for a fractured bone?

1. Reactive: inflamation and bleeding 2. Reparative: first a soft callus, then becomes bony callus 3. Remodelling: bony callus reshaped

What is an open fracture?

Broken end sticks out of the skin

What is a comminuted fracture?

splintered at impact site fragments scattered

What is a greenstick fracture?

Occur in kids: not fully ossified One side broken, one side bent

What is an impacted fracture?

One end of fractured bone forced into another

What is a pott fracture?

Ocurs at lateral end of fibia

What is a colles fracture?

Occurs at lateral end of radius

Name 4 common fractures

1. open 2. closed 3. comminuted 4. greenstick 5. impacted 6. pott 7. colles

What is achondroplasia?

* Epiphyseal plate closes before normal bone length is reached * Short limbs, unaffected trunk and membranous bones