Bone

Question 0

How many types of cartilage?

What are they?

Answer 0

3 types.

1. Fibrocartilage
2. Hyaline Cartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage

Question 1

5 general functions of bone?

Answer 1

Support ( support to body)

Storage ( stores calcium)

Protection

Leverage ( movement, muscles attach to bone and give movement )

Hemopoiesis ( formation of blood cells)

Question 2

Fibrocartilage characteristics and location?

Answer 2

Provides toughness and flexibility to acts as shock absorber and resists compression..

Found in..
Pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs, and knee joints

Question 3

Hyaline Cartilage characteristics and location?

Answer 3

• Most common/ abundant type.
• weakest cartilage
• supports soft tissue
• forms most of fetal skeleton

Found in…

• Nose -Articular cartilage of joints
• Trachea. -
• Larynx
• Costal

Question 4

Elastic cartilage characteristics and location?

Answer 4

Elastic cartilage resists deformational pressure.

Located…

Epiglottis & external part of ear.

Question 5

New borns have how many bones ?

Answer 5

350 bones

Question 6

Adults have how many bones?

Answer 6

206 bones

Question 7

Axial skeleton is composed if 3 regions? How many bones total?

Answer 7

Skull ( 29 )

Thoracic-cage ( 25)

Vertebral column ( 26 )

80 total bones in axial skeleton!!!

Question 8

Appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the appendages

How many of each and total?

Answer 8

Girdles ( 6 )

Upper appendages ( 60 )

Lower appendages ( 60 )

Appendicular skeleton 126 total..

Question 9

Basic features of long bone?

Answer 9

• Have greater length than width.
• have diaphysis/ shaft (middle part)
• have epiphysis ( bone ends) for bone on bone articulation

Question 10

Classification of bones?

Answer 10

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular , sesamoid, sutural

Question 11

Long bone classification? Example?

Answer 11

Upper limb. Lower limb

• Humerus - femur
• Ulna. - fibula
• Radius - tibia
• Phalanges -phalanges

Question 12

Short Bone classification example?

Answer 12

Have length nearly equal to width.

External surface have compact bone

Interior spongy bone.

Examples : carpals - tarsals -sesamoid bones - patella ( largest sesamoid bone)

Question 13

Flat bone classification

Example?

Answer 13

Flat thin surface, composed of roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone., with a layer of internally placed spongy bone.

Muscle attachment and protect underlying soft tissues.

** roof of skull , scapulae , sternum , Ribs.

Question 14

Irregular Bone classification?

Example?

Answer 14

Elaborate complex shapes.
Do not fit into preceding categories.

Examples….

Vertebrae, Ossa Coxae ( hip bones), ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.

Question 15

Sesamoid bones?

Answer 15

Patella & pisiform

Question 16

Sutural Bone?

Answer 16

Wormian

Question 17

Anatomical difference between spongy And compact bone ?

Answer 17

Spongy/ cancellous- located w/in interior of bone. * HAS TRABECULE (narrow plates of bone)**

Compact/cortical - solid and dense, forms solid external walls of bone.**HAS OSTEONS or haversian system.

Question 18

Role of four Osseous tissue cells?

Answer 18

1. Osteoprogenitor Cell ( stem cells derived from medenchyme, divide and become…
2. Osteoblast ( forms matrix called osteoid, produces new bone, once they become in trapped in matrix they produce & secrete into…
3. Osteocyte ( mature cell trapped in matrix w/ in a Lacunae, maintains bone matrix detects mechanical stress on bone) the info gos to..
4. Osteoclast ( bone resorption, osteolysis )

Question 19

Osteons?

Answer 19

Structural unit of mature compact bone.

Question 20

Osteocytes ?

Answer 20

Houses in lacunae, found in osteon circle.

Question 21

Lacuna?

Answer 21

Osteocyte reside.

Question 22

Canaliculi?

Answer 22

Tiny interconnecting channels extend from each lacuna

Permit intercellular contact and communication

They connect to other lacunae & central canal, nutrients, minerals, gases and wastes travel through these passages/ between central canal an osteocytes.

Question 23

Periosteum?

Answer 23

• tough sheath
• membrane that covers outer surface of bone
• made of dense irregular ct tissue

Has fibrous layer ( outer)

Has cellular layer ( inner)

Anchored to bone by strong collagen fibers called ( perforating fibers )

Question 24

Endosteum?

Answer 24

- incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surface of bone. - Such as medullary cavity - contains Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 25

Endochondral bone formation?

Answer 25

- ossification of long bone occurs in progressive stages. Bone growth is complete when each epiphyseal plate has ossified And epiphyseal lines have formed. Example upper lower limbs , pelvis, the vertebrae and ends of clavicle.

Question 26

Intramembranous bone formation?

Answer 26

- bone growth within membrane Produces flat bones of the skull Zygomatic bone, maxilla , mandible

Question 27

Bone remodeling Appositional bone growth?

Answer 27

- Bone increase in diameter - new bone added to surface - bone removed from inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity. Depositing to outside = osteogenesis Infant to adult! Bone resorption = osteoclasts

Question 28

Which bone and how many | Make up Axial skeleton

Answer 28

29 total skull bones * 8 Crainal Bones - Frontal - Parietal (2) - Occipital - Temporal (2) - Sphenoid - Ethmoid 14 Facial Bones* - Nasal (2) - Maxilla (2) -Zygomatic (2 - Palatine (2) -Inferior Conchae (2) - Lacrimal (2) -Vomer -Mandible 7 Associated bones* ( 6 ) Ear ossicles ( 1 ) Hyoid Bone ( beneath jaw Anchors tough)

Question 29

Name and location of major sutures of skull?

Answer 29

- 4 major sutures of skull 1. Coronal (crown) 2. Sagittal ( straight down) 3. Squamosal ( above ear ) 4. Lambdoid ( upside down y )

Question 30

What are four Paranasal Sinuses and where are they located?

Answer 30

1. Frontal 2. Maxillary ( largest) 3. Ethmoid 4. Sphenoid

Question 31

Homeostasis ( bone dynamics)

Answer 31

Homeostasis is when stress increases your bones enlarge. When less stress is on your body your muscles shrink and your bones don't need to support the weight of the muscles so the osteoclasts on the endosteum perform osteolysis which breaks down the bone and eats away at it making it smaller

Question 32

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 32

Appendicular skeleton 126 bones total Pectoral Girdles 4 total Clavicle 2 Scapula 2 Upper limbs 30 total Humerus 2 Radius 2 Ulna 2 ``` Carpels total 16 Scaphoid 2 Lunate 2 Triquetrum 2 Pisiform 2 Trapezium 2 Trapezoid 2 Capitate 2 Hamate 2 ``` Metacarpals total 10 Phalanges total 28 Proximal phalanx 10 Middle phalanx 8 Distal phalanx 10 Posterior view Pelvic girdles Lower limbs

Question 33

Which bones constitute pectoral and pelvic girdle?

Answer 33

Pectoral Girdle Clavicle 2 Scapula 2 Pelvic Girdle Os Coxae 2 Contains ilium, ischium, punish bones fuse. Total 6 bones

Question 34

How many Carpals?

Answer 34

``` 8 Scaphoid Lunate Truquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate ```

Question 35

How any metacarpals?

Answer 35

5

Question 36

How many phalanges? Thumb?

Answer 36

14 | Pollex

Question 37

Pelvic comparison male female?

Answer 37

1. Female has wider inlet 2. Illi are much border ( wider) shorter than males 3. Male subpubic angle less than 90 women 100 or more