Bone Flashcards by Jonathan Biss

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones do adults have?

206

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many muscles do adults have?

640 named ones

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many joints does a human have?

360

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many tendons does a human have?

4000

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What does tendons connect?

Muscles to bones

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many ligaments do humans have?

900

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Anotomical position

Stand erect, feet parallel and eyes forward

Palms facing forward

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which position is used as the standard reference point?

Anotomical position

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Fundamental position

Similar to anatomical position

Arms more relaxed

Palms facing forward

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Two divisions of the skeleton

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

Skull

Hypoid bone

Vertebral column

Thorax cage

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Hyoid bone

Anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What does the axial skeleton do?

Supports and protects organs of the head, neck and trunk

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

126

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which type of bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of limbs and bones that anchor limbs to the axial skeleton

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which bones are part of the pendicular skeleton?

Pectorial girdle

Upper limbs

Pelvic girdle

Lower limbs

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Articulation

Where joints meet, connect and are formed

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Functions of the skeletal system

Support the body

Storage of minerals and lipids

Blood cell production

Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal muscles

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Types of bone

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What are the two basic type of bone tissue?

Compact

Spongy

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Spongy bone

Small needle-like pieces of bone

Has lots of open spaces for blood supply

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Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Osteons

The basic functional units of mature compact bone

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# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What makes up a bone?

Hydroxypatite Calcium salts Collagen fibres Cells

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What makes up 2/3 of a bones weight?

Calcium phosphate

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What makes up 1/3 of a bones weight?

Collagen fibres

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What accounts for about 2% of a bones weight?

Cells

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Hysroxyapatite

Hard and brittle part of bones Made up of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Collagen fibres

Very strong Easily tolerates twisting and bending Provides organic framework of bone for hydroxypatite crystals to form on

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What are cells are present in the bones?

Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Osteocytes

Mature bone cells Found deep within the bone matrix

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells Fills the cavities left by osteoclasts

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Osteoclasts

Bone destroying cells Remove old bone Dissolve minerals

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Which are the bone destroying cells?

Osteclasts

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What is the skeleton primarily made of in embryos?

Hyaline cartilage

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Where does cartilage remain in the adult body?

Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What changes to the embryos skelaton as it develops?

Most of the cartilage is replaced by bone

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What are the two growth mechanisms in cartilage

Intersitial growth Appostional growth

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Describe the matrix of the cartilage

Firm gel containing polysaccharide derivatives called chondroitin sulfates

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What cells are present in cartilage?

Chondrocytes

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Where would you find the chondrocyte cells in cartilage?

In small chambers called lacunae

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Interstitial growth

Cell division Enlarges the cartilage from within

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Appositional growth

Cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium undergo repeated cycles of division New layers of cartilage are added to the surface

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Three major types of cartilage

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What are the issues with cartilage

No blood supply No nerve supply Difficult to repair

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Difference between young and adult long bone structure

Growth plate present in children and adolescents Replaced by an apihyseal line in adults

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Epiphysial plate

Growth plate Hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Ossification

Calcium salts are deposited

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Endochrondral

Bone replaces existing cartilage

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Intramembranous ossification

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue Normally occurs in the deeper layers of the dermis Also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fracures

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones How many bones in the skull?

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Bones of the cranium

8 sutured bones

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Facial bones

13 sutured bones 1 mandible

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What is a fontanel?

Soft membranous gaps between the imcompletely formed cranial bones in an infant Both anterior and posterior

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones When does the anterior fontanel close up?

At 9-18 months

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones When does the posterior fontanel close up?

Within 2-3 months

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Types of head injuries

Closed head injuries Open/penatrating wounds

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Paransal sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones The hyoid bone

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue and other muscle attachments Aids in tongue movement and swallowing

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?

The Hyoid bone (one in the mouth)

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

Causes fibrous tissue to be ossified Causes loss of mobility

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What is the cause of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva?

A mutation in ACVR1 gene on chromosome 4

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Melorheostosis

Irregular hyperstosis Causes abnormal bone shape and limb deformity

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Oesteoporosis

Condition where bones have lost minerals Bones become brittle and more susceptible to fracutres

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones What bones can be affected by osterporosis?

Any bone in the body

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Risk factors for ossteoporosis

Increased age Ethnic origin Low BMI Family history Lifestyle choices

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Are men or women more likely to suffer from osteoporosis?

Women

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Oestrogen effect on osteoporosis

1. Oestrogen deficiency 2. Low calcitrol 3. Intestinal malabsorption of Ca²⁺ 4. Calcium deficiency 5. Increased parathyroid hormone 6. Osteoclasts release Ca²⁺ from bone

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones When does bone denisty peak?

Around 30 years of age

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Scan used to tests bone density

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Rickets

Softening and weakening of bones in children Usually cause by an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency

# Skeletomuscular system - Bones Myeloma

Form of cancer Abnormal cells collect in the bone marrow and form tumours Can happen in one or more bones