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Human Structure and Function 3 > The Skeletomuscular System > Flashcards

The Skeletomuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is responsible for all movement in the body?

A

Muscles

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2
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are the 3 basic types of muscle?

A
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3
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which type of muscle do we have voluntary control over?

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which type of muscle isnt striated?

A

Smooth

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5
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which type of muscle is the bodies energy converters?

A

Skeletal

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6
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How many nuclei are in skeletal muscle?

A

Many

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7
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How many nuclei are in cardiac muscle?

A

1

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8
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How many nuclei are in smooth muscle?

A

1

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9
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What prefixes refer to muscle?

A

Myo and mys

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10
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Excitability

A

Ability to recieve and respond to stimuli

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11
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Contractility

A

Ability to shorten when stimulated

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12
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Exstensibility

A

Ability to be stretched

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13
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Elasticity

A

Ability to recoil to resting strength

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14
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement

Maintenance of posture and body position

Heat production

Store nutrient reserves

Protects bones and internal organs

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15
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Skeletal muscle structure images

A
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16
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neurone and all the muscle fibres that it invervates

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17
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What affect does having fewer number of fibres per neurone have?

A

Allows finer movement

Requires more brain power

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18
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Fascicles

A

Small bundles of muscle fibres

Group together to make up the muscle

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19
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How long is a muscle fibre?

A

They go the length of the muscle

From tendon to tendon

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20
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What surrounds each fascicle?

A

A connective tissue layer called the perimysium

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21
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What surrounds the entire muscle?

A

An external connective tissue wrapping called the epimysium

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22
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue layer

Seperates and electrically insulates the muscle cells from each other

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23
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are the 3 connective tissue layers in the fascicle of muscles?

Starting from the inside going outwards?

A

Endomysium

Perimysium

Epimysium

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24
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Sacromere

A

Contracile unit of the muscle fibre

From one Z line to another Z line

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25
# The Skeletomuscular system What is the thick filament in the myofilament?
Myosin
26
# The Skeletomuscular system What is the thin filament in a myofilament?
Actin
27
# The Skeletomuscular system A band in the myofilament
Where thin and thick filaments overlap Dark coloured
28
# The Skeletomuscular system H band in the myofilament
Just thick filaments Thin filaments don't reach that point
29
# The Skeletomuscular system I band in the myofilament
Just the thin filaments Light coloured
30
# The Skeletomuscular system Z line in the myofilament
Marks boundries between adjacent sarcomeres Connects thin filaments of each sarcomere
31
# The Skeletomuscular system Differences between sarcomere when contracted and relaxed
I band shortens H zone shortens A band stays the same M line stays the same Z lines get closer together
32
# The Skeletomuscular system Where does the actin filaments bind to?
The z line
33
# The Skeletomuscular system Which filament has the heads on them?
Thick myosin filaments
34
# The Skeletomuscular system What does muscle contraction require a lot of?
ATP
35
# The Skeletomuscular system Steps of sliding filament theory
Ca2+ bind to troponin This causes tropomyosin to move and reveal actin binding sites Myosin binds to actin ADP released causing the myosin heads to change shape Actin filament pulled along in rachet fashion by myosin heads ATP binds to myosin head to detach it, giving off phosphate to become ADP
36
# The Skeletomuscular system What causes muscle contraction?
Stimulation from the motor neurone
37
# The Skeletomuscular system What does the energy from the ATP do in muscle contraction
Causes the myosin head to detach from the actin filament
38
# The Skeletomuscular system Explain why rigor mortis occurs
No more ATP Therefore can't make muscles relax Myosin heads can't detach from actin filaments
39
# The Skeletomuscular system Where does the Ca2+ come from for muscle contraction?
Calcium pumps in sarcoplasmic reticulem pumps them into the sarcomere Creates a store of Ca2+
40
# The Skeletomuscular system Tropomyosin
Long fibrous molecule Blocks the interaction between actin and myosin when muscle is relaxed
41
# The Skeletomuscular system Toponin
Binds reversibly with calcium Then moves tropomyosin away from the actin binding site
42
# The Skeletomuscular system What are all the roles of ATP in muscle contraction?
Energises the power stroke of the myosin cross-bridges Makes the myosin head detach from the actin binding site when the power stroke is finished Actively transporting calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
43
# The Skeletomuscular system In muscle contraction do all the myosin heads bind at once?
No
44
# The Skeletomuscular system What is the sarcolemma?
Muscle cell membrane
45
# The Skeletomuscular system What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called?
Sarcoplasm
46
# The Skeletomuscular system Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER of myofibril
47
# The Skeletomuscular system Motor end plate
Contact surface with the axon terminal
48
# The Skeletomuscular system T tubule
Cell membrane extension into sarcoplasm Allows the depolarising signal to contract to reach the myofibrils deep in the muscle fibre
49
# The Skeletomuscular system Cisternae
Areas of the ER dictated to Ca2+ storage Found either side of the T-tubules
50
# The Skeletomuscular system What does the tension generated in skeletal muscle dependant on?
Frequency of action potentials transmitted along a somatic motor nerve Amount of ACh released at neuromuscular junction Frequency of action potentials across the skeletal muscle fibres Amount of Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Number of cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments
51
# The Skeletomuscular system What happens to relax the muscle? ## Footnote *Not just the muscle*
ACh is removed from receptors Ligand gated Na+ channels close Na/K pumps reestablish resting membrane potential Ca2+ ions leave troponin and are actively transported back to the cisternae Tropomyosin moves back over the actin active site Myosin heads release actin filament Filaments move passively back to resting position
52
# The Skeletomuscular system The 3 phases of a muscle twitch
53
# The Skeletomuscular system What is the ratio of stimulation to muscle twitches?
1 : 1
54
# The Skeletomuscular system What happens during the latent stage of a muscle twitch?
Action potential generated up to myosin heads binding to actin
55
# The Skeletomuscular system What happens during the contraction stage of a muscle twitch?
Myosin heads slide along the actin filaments
56
# The Skeletomuscular system What happens during the relaxation stage of a muscle twitch?
Ca2+ ions moved back into the cisternae Tropomyosin moves back over actin Myosin heads release actin and go back to resting positions
57
# The Skeletomuscular system What causes what to move and expose the actin binding sites in muscle contraction?
Tropin moves tropomyosin
58
# The Skeletomuscular system What happens if the sarcomeres are stretched too far?
Cross-bridge interactions are reduced or cannot happen
59
# The Skeletomuscular system What happens if the sarcomeres have a resting length that is too small?
They cannot contract enough to produce tension
60
# The Skeletomuscular system Isometric contractions
Muscle contraction without movement Muscle doesn't shorten
61
# The Skeletomuscular system Isotonic contractions
Muscle contractions with movement
62
# The Skeletomuscular system What are the two types of isotonic muscle contraction?
Concentric - when the muscle shortens Eccentric - when the muscle elongates
63
# The Skeletomuscular system Treppe
Gradual increase in contraction intensity during sequential stimulation Might be due to Ca2+ ions accumalting in the cytosplasm with each stimulation
64
# The Skeletomuscular system Summation
Rapid sequence of stimuli Muscle twitches fuse into each other Makes the subsequent one stronger than the last
65
# The Skeletomuscular system Tetanus
Very rapid sequence of stimuli No relaxation in the muscles
66
# The Skeletomuscular system Recruitment
Multiple motor units respond to stimulus Therefore affects more muscle fibres Creates a greater force then just one
67
# The Skeletomuscular system How is ACh removed?
Broken down by acetylcholinesterase
68
# The Skeletomuscular system If there is oxygen present how is ATP produced? How much is produced?
Oxidative phosporylation 34 ATP per glucose
69
# The Skeletomuscular system If there is **no** oxygen present how is ATP produced? How much is made?
Anaerobic glycolysis 2 ATP per glucose
70
# The Skeletomuscular system Muscle fatigue
A decline in the ability of the muscle to sustain the strength of contraction
71
# The Skeletomuscular system What are the causes of muscle fatigue?
Rapid build up of lactic acid Decreased neurotransmitters at synapse Decrease in oxygen supply Decrease in energy supply Psychological issues
72
# The Skeletomuscular system How is lactic acid formed?
During anaerobic glycoloysis
73
# The Skeletomuscular system What affects does aerobic (endurance) exercise have?
Promotes increased oxidative capacity of the muscle fiber Increased blood vessel supply Increased amount of mitochondria Results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resitance to fatigue
74
# The Skeletomuscular system What affects does resistance exercise have?
Increased glycolytic activity Increased synthesis of gylcolytic enzymes Increased synthesis of myofibrils Increased muscle size and strength
75
# The Skeletomuscular system How to make human growth hormone
Insert HGH gene into virus Seed the virus into cultured human cells Wait for the virus to reproduce Extract HGH
76
# The Skeletomuscular system What is the muscle connective tissue?
Collagen fibres
77
# The Skeletomuscular system What type of collagen fibres are in the perimysium?
50% type I 50% type III
78
# The Skeletomuscular system What type of collagen fibres are in the endomysium?
Type I
79
# The Skeletomuscular system How does exercise/lack of exercise effect collagen fibres?
Inactivity cause the elastic properties to decrease Exercise increases breakdown/synthesis to replace the old brittle collagen with new protocollagen

Human Structure and Function 3 (6 decks)

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