Bone Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Abduction
A
moving away from the center of the body
2
Q
Adduction
A
moving it towards the center of the body
3
Q
Amphiarthroses
A
slightly movable joint
4
Q
Appositional growth
A
cells in the perichondrium secret matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
5
Q
Articular cartilage
A
covers the ends of the long bones
6
Q
Atlas
A
Allows forward and backward motion- 1st cervical vertebrae
7
Q
Axis
A
Allows side to side motion- 2nd cervical vertebrae
8
Q
Axial skeleton
A
cut off legs, arms, and head: it is everything left- CORE
9
Q
Calcaneus
A
Heel
10
Q
Canaliculi
A
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal waste products come through there passage way allows removal of waste products diffusion of nutrients
11
Q
Carpals
A
wrist bones- 8 in each arm
12
Q
Cartilaginous
A
Made of mostly cartilage
13
Q
Cervical vertebrae
A
C1-C7
C1&C2-allow motion of the neck
If C5 and up are fractured into spine you will die
14
Q
Circumduction
A
imaginary circle forming
15
Q
Clavicle
A
Between the sternum and the scapula in the thoracic cavity
Long bone
Double curved bone
Functions: keeps arm away from chest wall
16
Q
Comminuted fracture
A
bone fragments into three of more pieces;common in the elderly
17
Q
Compact bones
A
dense outer layer- the cells are right on top of each other
18
Q
Compound fracture
A
(open)- bone ends penetrate the skin- seen without an X-ray
19
Q
Crista galli
A
Where the meninges attach
20
Q
Diaphysis
A
tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
composed of compact bone that surounds the medullary cavity
yellow bone marrow (fat) is conained in the medullary cavity
shaft or center of the long bone
21
Q
Diarthroses
A
freely movable joint
22
Q
Diploe
A
Spongy tissue
23
Q
Dorsifextion
A
pulling the toes up toward your leg
24
Q
Endosteum
A
delicate membrane cobering internal surfaces of the bone
made out of simple squamous epithelial tissue
function:
produces a slick friction- reducing lining-
plays a role in bone growth
25
Epiphyseal line
separates the diaphysis from the epiphiyses
function: of epiphyseal line: it is your growth plate
where the length of the bone appears
is a joint
26
Epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plates of children (found in the long bones between diaphyses and epiphyses)- it is a synchondroses cartilaginous joint
27
Epiphysis
expanded ends of the long bone
exterior is commpact bone and the interior is spongy bone
joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphiyses
function: of epiphyseal line: it is your growth plate
where the length of the bone appears
is a joint
28
Ethmoid and its parts
Ethmoid
- superior nasal concha
- middle nasal concha
- crista galli
- cribriform plate
- perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
29
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot out
30
Extension
reverse of flexion: joint angle is increased
31
Facet
smooth nearly flat articular surface
32
Femur
In the thigh: long bone, largest bone in the body, most vascular bone
33
Fibrocartilage
highly compressed with great tensile strength
contain collagen fibers
found in the menisci of the knee and the intervertebral discs
34
Fibrous capsule
Outer layer of the joint
35
Fibrous joints
the bones are joined by fibrous tissue
there is no joint cavity
most are immovable
Three types: sutures,syndesmoses,gomphoses
36
Fibula
Lower part of the leg, next to the tibia
Long bone
Functions: help stabilize the ankle-non weight barring
37
Fissure
narrow slit-like opening
38
Flat bones
```
thin, flattened and a bit curved
sternum, and most skull bones
function:
the enclose things/ protection
site for muscle attachment
```
39
Flexion
bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
40
Fontanels
soft spots
| brain continues to grow until 24 or 25
41
Foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
| passageway for blood vessels and nerves
42
Foramen magnum
In the occipital bone where the spinal cord goes through to brain
43
Foramina
hole in the bone that allows the passageways of nerves, blood vessels and spinal cords
44
Frontal bone and parts
- supercilliary ridge of frontal bone
- supraorbital foramen
- glabella of frontal bone
- supraorbital margin
- orbital plate of the frontal bone
- frontal sinuses
- Nasal spine
45
Function of bones
support- form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
protection- provides a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
movement- provide levers for muscles
mineral storage- reservoir for mineral, especially calcium and phosphorus
blood cell formation-hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones
46
Gliding motion
one flat bone surface glides of slips over another similar surfaces
examples:
intercarpal and intertarsal joints and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
47
Gomphoses
the peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
the fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
48
Greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture where one side of the bone break and the other side bends; common in children
49
Haversain canal
or central canal-centeral channel containing blood vessel and nerves
50
Hematoporesis
blood cell formation-hematoporesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones
51
Hinge joint
cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
motion is along a single plane
uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
example: elbow and interphalangeal joints
52
Hyaline cartilage
origin for most of the cartilage on the human body
main component is a white protein called collagen
provides support flexibility and resilience
the most abundant of the skeletal cartilage
is present in these cartilages
-articular-covers the ends of the long bones
-costal-connects the ribs to the sternum
-respiratory-makes up larynx reinforces air passages
-nasal-supports the nose
53
hydroxyapatities
or mineral salts
65% of bone by mass
mainly calcium phosphates
responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
54
Hyoid bone
Suspended above larynx & beneath tongue
U shaped bone
Helps hold up air way
If broken you will most likely die
55
Hyper extension
Extending your arm past 180 degrees
56
Inferior nasal concha
Lateral walls of nasal cavity
Flat-curve like: has some ridges
Warms,humidifies, and filters air
57
Intervertebral discs
Made out of fibrocartilage
- shock absorber
- allows movement and bending
58
Inversion
turning the sole of the foot in
59
Irregular bones
bones with complicated shapes
| vertebrae, and hip bones
60
Lacrimal bone and parts
Lacrimal sacs
| Nasal lacrimal ducts
61
Lamboid suture
Fusion of parietal and occipital bones
62
Lamellar tissue
weight- bearing column- like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
63
Lateral excursion
moving mandible out to the side
64
Ligaments
unite bones and prevent excessive of undesirable motion
65
Long bones
longer then they are wide
| act as levers in the human body
66
Lumbar vertebrae
Small of your back
Function: protect the end of the spinal cord
-weight barring
-form part of pelvic cavity
67
Mandible and parts
```
Alveolar process of the mandible
Mental foramen
Ramus
Body of the mandible
Coronoid process of the mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
```
68
Maxilla and parts
```
Anterior nasal spine
Alveolar process of the maxilla bone
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
Frontal process of the maxilla bone
Infraorbital foramen
Tuberosity of the maxilla bone
Maxillary sinuses
Palatine process of the maxilla bone
```
69
Medial excursion
moving mandible back to the middle
70
Medullary cavity
inside the diapiphysis- filled with yellow marrow
71
Middle nasal concha
Flat, very rich in blood warms, humidifies and filters air
72
Nasal bone
On the bridge of your nose
Flat bone- oblonged in shape
Protects the nasal cavity
73
Occipital bone and parts
- External occipital protuberance of the occipital bone
- foramen magnum
- occipital condyles
74
Opposition
bringing little finger to thumb
75
Osteoblast
```
bone- forming cells
cuboidal in shape
function
secrete osteoid- bone matrix
responsible for producing new bone
```
76
Osteoclast
large cells that resorb orr break down bone matrix
50 or more nucleuses per cells
secrete an acid through excocytosis which dissovles the bone matrix and causes the release of amino acids, calcium, and phosphorous
77
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
maintains and moniters the matrix of the bone
responsible for the calcium deposists into the bloodstream
responsoble for the mineral salts being put on the bone
78
Osteomalacia
bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
main symptoms is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency
79
Osteon
the structural unit of compact bone
80
Osteoporosis
bones arent as strong as they used to be
| Decaying of bone
81
Paget's disease
characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
pagetic bone with an excessively high ratioi of woven to compact bone is formed
pagetic bone,along with reduced mineralization causes spotty weakening of the bone
osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work
usually localized in the spine,pelvis, femur, and skull
unkown cause (possibly viral)
treatment includes the drugs didronate and fosamax
82
Periosteum
double- layered protective membrane
outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
richly supplied with nervre fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which ener the bone via nutrient foramina
secured to underlying bone by sharpeys fibers
functions:
isolates and protects the bone from other tissues and infection (mechanical barrier)
provides a route and placement for the blood vessels and nerves
plays a major role in bone growth and repair
serves as a major connection sight for connective tissue
83
Pivot joint
rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
only uniaxial movement
examples: joint between the axis and the dens and the proximal radioulnar joint
84
Plane joint
articular surfaces are essentially flat
allow only slipping or gliding movements
only examples of nonaxial joints
85
Plantar flexion
pushing toes toward the ground
86
Pronation
moving palms down
87
Protraction
pulling something forward
88
Radius bone and parts
Head of the radius
Surgical neck of the radius
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of the radius
89
Ramus
Arm-like projection of the mandible on the side
90
Red marrow
Can be found in the cancellous bone of the epiphysis and flat bones
-develops red blood cells
91
Reposition
pulling little finger back
92
Retraction
pulling something back
93
Rotation
turning of a bone around its own long axis
examples:
between first two vertebrae
between hips and shoulders
94
Sacrum
Just below lumbar in the back of the pelvic cavity
- 5 fused vertebrae
- weight barring
- forms part of the pelvic cavity
95
Saddle joints
similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
each articular surgace has both a concave and a convex surface
example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
96
Sagittal suture
Fusion of 2 parietal bones
97
Scapula bone and parts
Scapular spine
Glenoid cavity or fossa
Acrmion process of the scapula
Coracoid process of the scapula
98
Sella turcica
Houses the pituitary gland
99
Short bones
cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle (square in shape)
allow for a slipping or sliding motion
sesamoid- have no contact with any other bone in the human body
usually found buried with in a ligament or tendon- patella (knee cap)
100
Sphenoid
Base of the cranium anterior to the occipital bone
-butterfly or wedge shaped bone
--not a flat bone
Function-
Forms the base of the cranium passageway for the cranial nerve and blood vessels protect pituitary
Articulates with all skull bones
101
Spiral fracture
ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury or abuse
102
Spongy bone tissue
honeycomb (has holes in it) of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow (made out of adipose tissue)
cancellous- is another name for it
103
Stem cells
can become any type of cells in the human body
104
Sternum and parts
```
Xiphoid process
Body of the sternum
Manubrium
Clavicular notch
Jugular notch
```
105
Subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint
106
Superior nasal concha
Flat, very rich in blood supply- help warm and humidify air, and cleanse it
107
Supination
moving palms upward
108
Sutures
occur between the bones of the skull
comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth
middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synotoses (25 and up)
109
Symphyses
hayline cartilage covers the articulating surgace of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
examples:
intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis
110
Synarthrotic joints
a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
all synchondroses are synarthrotic
examples:
epiphyseal plates of children (found in the long bones between diaphyses and epiphyses)
joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum
111
Synchondroses
a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
112
Syndesmoses
bones are connected by fibrous tissue ligaments
movement varies from immovable to slightly moveable
examples: connection between tibia and fibula and radius and ulna
113
Synovial
those joints in which the articulating bones are separates by a fluid-containing joint cavity
all are freely movable diarthroses
114
Synovial cavity
joint cavity- made out of two layers and is responsible enclosing the two joints
outer layer of the joint capsule is made out of fibrous connective tissue
inner part is made out of synovial membrane
115
Synovial fluid
90% is water
116
Synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid
117
Talus
Top of the ankle articulates with the tibia
118
Tarsals
Located in the heal, ankle, foot
It is a short bone there are 7 in each foot
Helps stabilize the ankle - is non weight barring
119
Temporal bone and parts
```
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process of the temporal bone
Styloid process of the temporal bone
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Mastoid sinuses
Mandibular fossa
```
120
Tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
acts as an insulator
covering
provides a slick surface
121
Tendons
muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors
| tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone
122
Thoracic vertebrae
Starts at bottom of c7
Function- protection of spinal cord
Forms back part of thoracic cavity
Cite for muscle attachment
123
Tibia and parts
```
Medial condyles
Lateral condyles
Tubial tuberocity of the tibia
Tibial crest
Medial malleolus
```
124
Trabeculae
Each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue,
125
Tuberosity
rounded projection- major site for muscle attachment
126
Ulna and parts
```
Styloid process of the ulna
Head of the ulna
Radial notch of the ulna
Trochlear notch of the ulna
Coronoid process of the ulna
Olecranon process of the ulna
```
127
Vertebrae and parts
```
Intervertebral discs
Body of the vertebrae
Vertebral foramen
Transverse process
Spinus process
```
128
Vomer
Located in the posterior part of the nasal septum
Flat bone shaped like a plow share
Helps divide nasal cavity into right and left halves
Forms part of septum
129
Yellow marrow
(fat) is conained in the medullary cavity of diaphysis
130
Zygomatic
```
2 of them make up your check bones
Anchor shaped bone- slightly curved
Function- forms checks
Forms outer part of eye socket
Passage way for nerves and blood vessels
```
131
Ball and socket joint
a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cup like socket of another acetabelum of the ischeum
multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
examples-shoulder and hip joints
132
Bony matrix
fundamental functional unit of much compact bone
133
Bursae
flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
134
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or frictions
symptoms are pain and swelling
treating with anti-inflammatory drugs
135
Cribriform plate
Looks like a sponge filled with holes where olfactory nerves go through
136
Gouty arthritis
disposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by an inflammatory response
typical gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe
in untreated gouty arthritis the boone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
treatment- colchicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs an glucocorticoids
137
Multiaxial joint
permit the most freely moving synovial joints
138
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset
usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50 but may occur at any age
signs and symptoms include joint tenderness anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy and cardiovascular problems, chronic bursitis and tendonitis, inability to fight infection
the course of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions
is like a roller coaster- is really good then really bad
course:
overgrowth and inflammation of synovial membranes and joint tissues
articular cartilage is gradually destroyed and the joint cavity develops adhesion and stiffens
mainly hands and feet but may influence any joint
treatment
conservative therapy-aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics and physical therapy, anti-inflammatory
progressive treatments- drugs of immunosuppressants
the drug enbrel a biological response modifier neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemical
139
Sesamoid bone
have no contact with any other bone in the human body
| usually found buried with in a ligament or tendon- patella (knee cap)
