Bone Structures, Development, and Hormonal Influences (Quiz 1)

Question 1

Spinal maturation is assessed by the closure of the….

Answer 1

iliac crest epiphyses (this is known as Rissers sign) and the vertebral body epiphyses

Question 2

Rissers sign (iliac epiphysis sign) is when the….

Answer 2

-apophysis reaches its ultimate medial migration
-at this point, vertebral growth may be complete

Question 3

Where does the iliac epiphysis first appear?

Answer 3

ASIS and then gradually progresses posteromedially

Question 4

What is the grade scale of Rissers sign?

Answer 4

-1 to 5
-closes P->A
-grade 5 means the patient has completed spinal maturation

Question 5

What are the 8 parts that make up bone structure?

Answer 5

1) epiphysis
2) physis
3) metaphysis
4) diaphysis
5) cortex
6) medulla
7) periosteum
8) endosteum

Question 6

What is the most metabolically active part of bone?

Answer 6

metaphysis

Question 7

Which part of the bone is located at the end of a growing bone/above growth plate?

Answer 7

epiphysis

Question 8

What is the function of epiphysis?

Answer 8

produce and support articular cartilage that its in contact with

Question 9

What are some pathologies that would be seen on epiphysis?

Answer 9

-dysplasia (abnormal development)
-ischemia (lack of blood supply)
-arthritic deformation
-special neoplasms (chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor)

Question 10

Which part of the bone is cartilage growth plate between epiphysis and metaphysis?

Answer 10

physis

Question 11

What are the other names for physis?

Answer 11

-epiphyseal plate
-growth plate
-bone growth center

Question 12

What is the function of physis?

Answer 12

-enchondral growth (longitudinal growth)
-periosteum for bone width (intramembranous)

Question 13

What may increase or decrease physis growth?

Answer 13

hormones or vascular problems

Question 14

What part of bone is the most prone to tumors and infections?

Answer 14

metaphysis (bc its the most metabolically active part)

Question 15

Which part of bone is between both metaphyses?

Answer 15

diaphysis

Question 16

What is the longest part of bone?

Answer 16

diaphysis (aka shaft)

Question 17

Which part of bone has thickened cortex and decreased medullary space?

Answer 17

diaphysis

Question 18

What is the main function of diaphysis?

Answer 18

mechanical strength

Question 19

Which part of bone contains bone marrow?

Answer 19

diaphysis and medulla

Question 20

What are some pathologies that can be seen in the diaphysis?

Answer 20

-multiple myeloma
-ering’s sarcoma
-non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
-infections

Question 21

What is the densest and strongest part of all bones?

Answer 21

cortex

Question 22

Which part of bone is this?
-constructed of densely packed compact bone with osteons and interconnected by Haversian Canal system
-surrounded by periosteum
-lined with endosteum
-thickness and integrity is a strong radiological indicator of bone tumors or infections

Answer 22

cortex

Question 23

What is the internal cavity of bone called?

Answer 23

medulla

Question 24

Red marrow is found in the medulla of bones within children. Where is red marrow found within adults?

Answer 24

medulla of epiphysis and metaphysis of bones in the axial skeleton

Question 25

T/F: periosteum is normally seen in xrays

Answer 25

FALSE, if seen in xray then theres some pathology

Question 26

Periosteum is a thin tissue membrane located around the _____________________

Answer 26

diaphysis and metaphysis (none is found around epiphysis)

Question 27

Periosteum attaches itself to tendons and ligaments to bones by what?

Answer 27

Sharpey fibers

Question 28

What are the outer and inner layer of periosteum for?

Answer 28

outer layer is for attachments inner layer is metabolically active, so there is osteoblastic and osteoclastic potential

Question 29

What is an important indicator of bone disease?

Answer 29

periosteum seen on xray

Question 30

Which part of bone covers the inner cortical margins and has osteoblastic and osteoclastic properties?

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

Bones need to have a balance between endosteum and periosteum to maintain...

Answer 31

proper cortical thickness

Question 32

What shape is the vertebral body from age 0-1?

Answer 32

oval/ovoid

Question 33

vertebral body height is equal to disc height at what age?

Answer 33

0-1

Question 34

What shape is the vertebral body from ages 2-5?

Answer 34

rectangular

Question 35

Vertebral body height is > disc height at what age?

Answer 35

2+

Question 36

What shape is the vertebral body from ages 6-8?

Answer 36

step like recesses

Question 37

What hormones can affect bone development?

Answer 37

1) parathormone/parathyroid hormone/PTH 2) calcitonin 3) estrogen 4) androgen 5) growth hormone 6) glucocorticoids

Question 38

The primary function of this hormone is to maintain a proper level of calcium in the blood by mobilization of calcium?

Answer 38

parathormone/PTH/parathyroid hormone

Question 39

Which hormone is this? -inhibition of phosphate resorption in the renal tubular level, leaving an excess of calcium in the circulation -promotion of absorption of calcium and phosphorus at the intestinal mucosa level -direct stimulation of osteoclasts in bones to mobilize calcium

Answer 39

parathormone/PTH/parathyroid hormone

Question 40

Which hormone increases serum calcium by promoting bone, kidney, and gut reabsorption of calcium?

Answer 40

parathormone/PTH/parathyroid hormone

Question 41

Which hormone is secreted in response to hypercalcemia and its function to decrease serum calcium levels?

Answer 41

calcitonin

Question 42

Which hormone is the antagonist of PTH?

Answer 42

calcitonin

Question 43

Which hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin?

Answer 43

PTH

Question 44

Which hormone actively decreases serum calcium levels?

Answer 44

calcitonin

Question 45

Which hormone stimulates bone growth and closely controls longitudinal growth and maturity?

Answer 45

estrogen and androgen

Question 46

What is the male counterpart of estrogen?

Answer 46

androgen

Question 47

If theres an absence of growth hormone during childhood then=

Answer 47

dwarfism

Question 48

If theres an excess of growth hormone during childhood then=

Answer 48

giantism

Question 49

If theres an excess of growth hormone in adults=

Answer 49

acromegaly (affects skull, mandible, and subperiosteum in long bones)

Question 50

What is the most important hormone to effect bones?

Answer 50

glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)

Question 51

Which hormone encourages osteoclasts and has a potential to produce diabetes? test q

Answer 51

glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)